Peptidomimetic macrocycles

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel peptidomimetic macrocycles and methods of using such macrocycles for the treatment of disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/816,880, filed Feb. 13, 2013 (or Apr. 25, 2013, which is the 371 date), which is a national stage of PCT/US2011/047692, filed Aug. 13, 2011, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/373,701, filed Aug. 13, 2010, 61/373,638, filed Aug. 13, 2010, and 61/374,163, filed Aug. 16, 2010, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 6, 2013, is named 35224-757.401_SL.txt and is 586,346 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The human transcription factor protein p53 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage and cellular stress, and thereby plays a critical role in protecting cells from malignant transformation. The E3 ubiquitin ligase HDM2 negatively regulates p53 function through a direct binding interaction that neutralizes the p53 transactivation activity, leads to export from the nucleus of p53 protein, and targets p53 for degradation via the ubiquitylation-proteasomal pathway. Loss of p53 activity, either by deletion, mutation, or HDM2 overexpression, is the most common defect in human cancers. Tumors that express wild type p53 are vulnerable to pharmacologic agents that stabilize or increase the concentration of active p53. In this context, inhibition of the activities of HDM2 has emerged as a validated approach to restore p53 activity and resensitize cancer cells to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. HDMX (HDM4) has more recently been identified as a similar negative regulator of p53, and studies have revealed significant structural homology between the p53 binding interfaces of HDM2 and HDMX.

The p53-HDM2 and p53-HDMX protein-protein interactions are mediated by the same 15-residue alpha-helical transactivation domain of p53, which inserts into hydrophobic clefts on the surface of HDM2 and HDMX. Three residues within this domain of p53 (F19, W23, and L26) are essential for binding to HDM2 and HDMX. The present invention provides p53-based peptidomimetic macrocycles that modulate the activities of p53 by inhibiting the interactions between p53 and HDM2, p53 and HDMX, or p53 and both HDM2 and HDMX proteins, and that may be used for treating diseases including but not limited to cancer and other hyperproliferative diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described below are stably cross-linked peptides related to a portion of human p53 (“p53 peptidomimetic macrocycles”). These cross-linked peptides contain at least two modified amino acids that together form an intramolecular cross-link that can help to stabilize the alpha-helical secondary structure of a portion of p53 that is thought to be important for binding of p53 to HDM2 and for binding of p53 to HDMX. Accordingly, a cross-linked polypeptide described herein can have improved biological activity relative to a corresponding polypeptide that is not cross-linked. The p53 peptidomimetic macrocycles are thought to interfere with binding of p53 to HDM2 and/or of p53 to HDMX, thereby liberating functional p53 and inhibiting its destruction. The p53 peptidomimetic macrocycles described herein can be used therapeutically, for example to treat cancers and other disorders characterized by an undesirably low level or a low activity of p53, and/or to treat cancers and other disorders characterized by an undesirably high level of activity of HDM2 or HDMX. The p53 peptidomimetic macrocycles may also be useful for treatment of any disorder associated with disrupted regulation of the p53 transcriptional pathway, leading to conditions of excess cell survival and proliferation such as cancer and autoimmunity, in addition to conditions of inappropriate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis such as neurodegeneration and immunedeficiencies. In some instances, the p53 peptidomimetic macrocycles bind to HDM2 (e.g., GenBank® Accession No.: 228952; GI:228952) and/or HDMX (also referred to as HDM4; GenBank® Accession No.: 88702791; GI:88702791).

In one aspect, the present invention provides a peptidomimetic macrocycle comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least about 60%, 80%, 90%, or 95% identical to an amino acid sequence chosen from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences in Table 1, 2, 3, or 4. Alternatively, an amino acid sequence of said peptidomimetic macrocycle is chosen from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences in Table 1. Alternatively, an amino acid sequence of said peptidomimetic macrocycle is chosen as above, and further wherein the macrocycle does not include a thioether or a triazole. In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises a helix, such as an α-helix. In other embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an α,α-disubstituted amino acid. A peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention may comprise a crosslinker linking the α-positions of at least two amino acids. At least one of said two amino acids may be an α,α-disubstituted amino acid.

In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle has the formula:

wherein:

each A, C, D, and E is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, and the terminal D and E independently optionally include a capping group;

B is a natural or non-natural amino acid, amino acid analog,

[—NH-L₃-CO-], [—NH-L₃-SO₂—], or [—NH-L₃-];

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅;

L is a macrocycle-forming linker of the formula -L₁-L₂-;

L₁ and L₂ are independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloarylene, heterocycloarylene, or [—R₄—K—R₄—]_(n), each being optionally substituted with R₅;

each R₄ is alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene;

each K is O, S, SO, SO₂, CO, CO₂, or CONR₃;

each R₅ is independently halogen, alkyl, —OR₆, —N(R₆)₂, —SR₆, —SOR₆, —SO₂R₆, —CO₂R₆, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

each R₆ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

R₇ is —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅, or part of a cyclic structure with a D residue;

R₈ is —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅, or part of a cyclic structure with an E residue;

v and w are independently integers from 1-1000;

u is an integer from 1-10;

x, y and z are independently integers from 0-10; and

n is an integer from 1-5.

In various embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle includes L₁ and L₂ wherein L₁ and L₂ either alone or in combination do not include a thioether or a triazole.

In other embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle may comprise a crosslinker linking a backbone amino group of a first amino acid to a second amino acid within the peptidomimetic macrocycle. For example, the invention provides peptidomimetic macrocycles of the formula (IV) or (IVa):

wherein:

each A, C, D, and E is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, and the terminal D and E independently optionally include a capping group;

B is a natural or non-natural amino acid, amino acid analog,

[—NH-L₃-CO-], [—NH-L₃-SO₂—], or [—NH-L₃-];

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-, or part of a cyclic structure with an E residue;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅;

L₁ and L₂ are independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloarylene, heterocycloarylene, or [—R₄—K—R₄—]_(n), each being optionally substituted with R₅;

each R₄ is alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene;

each K is O, S, SO, SO₂, CO, CO₂, or CONR₃;

each R₅ is independently halogen, alkyl, —OR₆, —N(R₆)₂, —SR₆, —SOR₆, —SO₂R₆, —CO₂R₆, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

each R₆ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

R₇ is —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅;

V and w are independently integers from 1-1000;

u is an integer from 1-10;

x, y and z are independently integers from 0-10; and

n is an integer from 1-5.

Additionally, the invention provides a method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention. Also provided is a method of modulating the activity of p53 or HDM2 or HDMX in a subject comprising administering to the subject a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention, or a method of antagonizing the interaction between p53 and HDM2 and/or HDMX proteins in a subject comprising administering to the subject such a peptidomimetic macrocycle.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 describes the synthesis of Fmoc-Me-6-Chloro-Tryptophan & Fmoc-6-Chloro-Tryptophan.

FIG. 2 shows an LC-MS trace of Me-6-Chloro-(Boc)Tryptophan-Ni—S-BPB.

FIG. 3 shows a 1H-NMR spectrum of Me-6-Chloro-(Boc)Tryptophan-Ni—S-BPB.

FIG. 4 shows an LC-MS trace of Fmoc-Me-6-Chloro-(Boc)Tryptophan.

FIG. 5 shows a 1H-NMR spectrum of Fmoc-Me-6-Chloro-(Boc)Tryptophan.

FIGS. 6 a-f describe the results of a cell viability assay, a competition ELISA assay, GRIP assay, Kd data, p21 activation assay, fluorescence polarization competition binding and circular helicity data for exemplary peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention (SEQ ID NOS 38-178, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIGS. 7A-D provide data from a variety of macrocycles (FIGS. 7A-7B disclose SEQ ID NOS 42, 163, 177, 214, 217, 344, 289-290, 383, 533, 529, 543, 601, 544, 594, 279, 374 and 660, respectively in order of appearance, and FIGS. 7C-7D disclose SEQ ID NOS 702, 699, 704, 706, 689, 507, 624, 703, 716, 606, 605, 642, 691, 731, 375, 727, 662, 587 and 714, respectively in order of appearance).

FIGS. 8A-B provide data from a variety of macrocycles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the term “macrocycle” refers to a molecule having a chemical structure including a ring or cycle formed by at least 9 covalently bonded atoms.

As used herein, the term “peptidomimetic macrocycle” or “crosslinked polypeptide” refers to a compound comprising a plurality of amino acid residues joined by a plurality of peptide bonds and at least one macrocycle-forming linker which forms a macrocycle between a first naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid residue (or analog) and a second naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid residue (or analog) within the same molecule. Peptidomimetic macrocycle include embodiments where the macrocycle-forming linker connects the α carbon of the first amino acid residue (or analog) to the α carbon of the second amino acid residue (or analog). The peptidomimetic macrocycles optionally include one or more non-peptide bonds between one or more amino acid residues and/or amino acid analog residues, and optionally include one or more non-naturally-occurring amino acid residues or amino acid analog residues in addition to any which form the macrocycle. A “corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide” when referred to in the context of a peptidomimetic macrocycle is understood to relate to a polypeptide of the same length as the macrocycle and comprising the equivalent natural amino acids of the wild-type sequence corresponding to the macrocycle.

As used herein, the term “stability” refers to the maintenance of a defined secondary structure in solution by a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention as measured by circular dichroism, NMR or another biophysical measure, or resistance to proteolytic degradation in vitro or in vivo. Non-limiting examples of secondary structures contemplated in this invention are α-helices, β-turns, and β-pleated sheets.

As used herein, the term “helical stability” refers to the maintenance of a helical structure by a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention as measured by circular dichroism or NMR. For example, in some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention exhibit at least a 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 or 2-fold increase in α-helicity as determined by circular dichroism compared to a corresponding uncrosslinked macrocycle.

The term “α-amino acid” or simply “amino acid” refers to a molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group bound to a carbon which is designated the α-carbon. Suitable amino acids include, without limitation, both the D- and L-isomers of the naturally-occurring amino acids, as well as non-naturally occurring amino acids prepared by organic synthesis or other metabolic routes. Unless the context specifically indicates otherwise, the term amino acid, as used herein, is intended to include amino acid analogs.

The term “naturally occurring amino acid” refers to any one of the twenty amino acids commonly found in peptides synthesized in nature, and known by the one letter abbreviations A, R, N, C, D, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y and V.

The term “amino acid analog” or “non-natural amino acid” refers to a molecule which is structurally similar to an amino acid and which can be substituted for an amino acid in the formation of a peptidomimetic macrocycle. Amino acid analogs include, without limitation, compounds which are structurally identical to an amino acid, as defined herein, except for the inclusion of one or more additional methylene groups between the amino and carboxyl group (e.g., β-amino β-carboxy acids), or for the substitution of the amino or carboxy group by a similarly reactive group (e.g., substitution of the primary amine with a secondary or tertiary amine, or substitution of the carboxy group with an ester). Non-natural amino acids include structures according to the following:

A “non-essential” amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence of a polypeptide without abolishing or substantially altering its essential biological or biochemical activity (e.g., receptor binding or activation). An “essential” amino acid residue is a residue that, when altered from the wild-type sequence of the polypeptide, results in abolishing or substantially abolishing the polypeptide's essential biological or biochemical activity.

A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., K, R, H), acidic side chains (e.g., D, E), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., G, N, Q, S, T, Y, C), nonpolar side chains (e.g., A, V, L, I, P, F, M, W), beta-branched side chains (e.g., T, V, I) and aromatic side chains (e.g., Y, F, W, H). Thus, a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in a polypeptide, for example, is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. Other examples of acceptable substitutions are substitutions based on isosteric considerations (e.g. norleucine for methionine) or other properties (e.g. 2-thienylalanine for phenylalanine).

The term “capping group” refers to the chemical moiety occurring at either the carboxy or amino terminus of the polypeptide chain of the subject peptidomimetic macrocycle. The capping group of a carboxy terminus includes an unmodified carboxylic acid (ie —COOH) or a carboxylic acid with a substituent. For example, the carboxy terminus may be substituted with an amino group to yield a carboxamide at the C-terminus. Various substituents include but are not limited to primary and secondary amines, including pegylated secondary amines. Representative secondary amine capping groups for the C-terminus include:

The capping group of an amino terminus includes an unmodified amine (ie —NH₂) or an amine with a substituent. For example, the amino terminus may be substituted with an acyl group to yield a carboxamide at the N-terminus. Various substituents include but are not limited to substituted acyl groups, including C₁-C₆ carbonyls, C₇-C₃₀ carbonyls, and pegylated carbamates. Representative capping groups for the N-terminus include:

The term “member” as used herein in conjunction with macrocycles or macrocycle-forming linkers refers to the atoms that form or can form the macrocycle, and excludes substituent or side chain atoms. By analogy, cyclodecane, 1,2-difluoro-decane and 1,3-dimethyl cyclodecane are all considered ten-membered macrocycles as the hydrogen or fluoro substituents or methyl side chains do not participate in forming the macrocycle.

The symbol “

” when used as part of a molecular structure refers to a single bond or a trans or cis double bond.

The term “amino acid side chain” refers to a moiety attached to the α-carbon in an amino acid. For example, the amino acid side chain for alanine is methyl, the amino acid side chain for phenylalanine is phenylmethyl, the amino acid side chain for cysteine is thiomethyl, the amino acid side chain for aspartate is carboxymethyl, the amino acid side chain for tyrosine is 4-hydroxyphenylmethyl, etc. Other non-naturally occurring amino acid side chains are also included, for example, those that occur in nature (e.g., an amino acid metabolite) or those that are made synthetically (e.g., an α,

α di-substituted amino acid).

The term “α,⁻α di-substituted amino” acid refers to a molecule or moiety containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group bound to a carbon (the α-carbon) that is attached to two natural or non-natural amino acid side chains.

The term “polypeptide” encompasses two or more naturally or non-naturally-occurring amino acids joined by a covalent bond (e.g., an amide bond). Polypeptides as described herein include full length proteins (e.g., fully processed proteins) as well as shorter amino acid sequences (e.g., fragments of naturally-occurring proteins or synthetic polypeptide fragments).

The term “macrocyclization reagent” or “macrocycle-forming reagent” as used herein refers to any reagent which may be used to prepare a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention by mediating the reaction between two reactive groups. Reactive groups may be, for example, an azide and alkyne, in which case macrocyclization reagents include, without limitation, Cu reagents such as reagents which provide a reactive Cu(I) species, such as CuBr, CuI or CuOTf, as well as Cu(II) salts such as Cu(CO₂CH₃)₂, CuSO₄, and CuCl₂ that can be converted in situ to an active Cu(I) reagent by the addition of a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate. Macrocyclization reagents may additionally include, for example, Ru reagents known in the art such as Cp*RuCl(PPh₃)₂, [Cp*RuCl]₄ or other Ru reagents which may provide a reactive Ru(II) species. In other cases, the reactive groups are terminal olefins. In such embodiments, the macrocyclization reagents or macrocycle-forming reagents are metathesis catalysts including, but not limited to, stabilized, late transition metal carbene complex catalysts such as Group VIII transition metal carbene catalysts. For example, such catalysts are Ru and Os metal centers having a +2 oxidation state, an electron count of 16 and pentacoordinated. Additional catalysts are disclosed in Grubbs et al., “Ring Closing Metathesis and Related Processes in Organic Synthesis” Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 446-452, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,515. In yet other cases, the reactive groups are thiol groups. In such embodiments, the macrocyclization reagent is, for example, a linker functionalized with two thiol-reactive groups such as halogen groups.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine or a radical thereof.

The term “alkyl” refers to a hydrocarbon chain that is a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C₁-C₁₀ indicates that the group has from 1 to 10 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. In the absence of any numerical designation, “alkyl” is a chain (straight or branched) having 1 to 20 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it.

The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent alkyl (i.e., —R—).

The term “alkenyl” refers to a hydrocarbon chain that is a straight chain or branched chain having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The alkenyl moiety contains the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C₂-C₁₀ indicates that the group has from 2 to 10 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. The term “lower alkenyl” refers to a C₂-C₆ alkenyl chain. In the absence of any numerical designation, “alkenyl” is a chain (straight or branched) having 2 to 20 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a hydrocarbon chain that is a straight chain or branched chain having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. The alkynyl moiety contains the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C₂-C₁₀ indicates that the group has from 2 to 10 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. The term “lower alkynyl” refers to a C₂-C₆ alkynyl chain. In the absence of any numerical designation, “alkynyl” is a chain (straight or branched) having 2 to 20 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it.

The term “aryl” refers to a 6-carbon monocyclic or 10-carbon bicyclic aromatic ring system wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring are substituted by a substituent. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl and the like. The term “arylalkyl” or the term “aralkyl” refers to alkyl substituted with an aryl. The term “arylalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy substituted with aryl.

“Arylalkyl” refers to an aryl group, as defined above, wherein one of the aryl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a C₁-C₅ alkyl group, as defined above. Representative examples of an arylalkyl group include, but are not limited to, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2-propylphenyl, 3-propylphenyl, 4-propylphenyl, 2-butylphenyl, 3-butylphenyl, 4-butylphenyl, 2-pentylphenyl, 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 3-isopropylphenyl, 4-isopropylphenyl, 2-isobutylphenyl, 3-isobutylphenyl, 4-isobutylphenyl, 2-sec-butylphenyl, 3-sec-butylphenyl, 4-sec-butylphenyl, 2-t-butylphenyl, 3-t-butylphenyl and 4-t-butylphenyl.

“Arylamido” refers to an aryl group, as defined above, wherein one of the aryl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with one or more —C(O)NH₂ groups. Representative examples of an arylamido group include 2-C(O)NH2-phenyl, 3-C(O)NH₂-phenyl, 4-C(O)NH₂-phenyl, 2-C(O)NH₂-pyridyl, 3-C(O)NH₂-pyridyl, and 4-C(O)NH₂-pyridyl,

“Alkylheterocycle” refers to a C₁-C₅ alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one of the C₁-C₅ alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a heterocycle. Representative examples of an alkylheterocycle group include, but are not limited to, —CH₂CH₂-morpholine, —CH₂CH₂-piperidine, —CH₂CH₂CH₂-morpholine, and —CH₂CH₂CH₂-imidazole.

“Alkylamido” refers to a C₁-C₅ alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one of the C₁-C₅ alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a —C(O)NH₂ group. Representative examples of an alkylamido group include, but are not limited to, —CH₂—C(O)NH₂, —CH₂CH₂—C(O)NH₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂C(O)NH₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂C(O)NH₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂C(O)NH₂, —CH₂CH(C(O)NH₂)CH₃, —CH₂CH(C(O)NH₂)CH₂CH₃, —CH(C(O)NH₂)CH₂CH₃, —C(CH₃)₂CH₂C(O)NH₂, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—C(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—C(O)—CH₃—CH3, and —CH₂—CH₂—NH—C(O)—CH═CH₂.

“Alkanol” refers to a C₁-C₅ alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one of the C₁-C₅ alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a hydroxyl group. Representative examples of an alkanol group include, but are not limited to, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH(OH)CH₃, —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂CH₃, —CH(OH)CH₃ and —C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH.

“Alkylcarboxy” refers to a C₁-C₅ alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one of the C₁-C₅ alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a—COOH group. Representative examples of an alkylcarboxy group include, but are not limited to, —CH₂COOH, —CH₂CH₂COOH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH, —CH₂CH(COOH)CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH, —CH₂CH(COOH)CH₂CH₃, —CH(COOH)CH₂CH₃ and —C(CH₃)₂CH₂COOH.

The term “cycloalkyl” as employed herein includes saturated and partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons, preferably 3 to 8 carbons, and more preferably 3 to 6 carbons, wherein the cycloalkyl group additionally is optionally substituted. Some cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of O, N, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring are substituted by a substituent. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furyl or furanyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl or thienyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, and the like.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” or the term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with a heteroaryl. The term “heteroarylalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy substituted with heteroaryl.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” or the term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with a heteroaryl. The term “heteroarylalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy substituted with heteroaryl.

The term “heterocyclyl” refers to a nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of O, N, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms of each ring are substituted by a substituent. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and the like.

The term “substituent” refers to a group replacing a second atom or group such as a hydrogen atom on any molecule, compound or moiety. Suitable substituents include, without limitation, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, oxo, nitro, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, aryloxy, amino, alkoxycarbonyl, amido, carboxy, alkanesulfonyl, alkylcarbonyl, and cyano groups.

In some embodiments, the compounds of this invention contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are included in the present invention unless expressly provided otherwise. In some embodiments, the compounds of this invention are also represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein (e.g., if alkylation of a ring system results in alkylation at multiple sites, the invention includes all such reaction products). All such isomeric forms of such compounds are included in the present invention unless expressly provided otherwise. All crystal forms of the compounds described herein are included in the present invention unless expressly provided otherwise.

As used herein, the terms “increase” and “decrease” mean, respectively, to cause a statistically significantly (i.e., p<0.1) increase or decrease of at least 5%.

As used herein, the recitation of a numerical range for a variable is intended to convey that the invention may be practiced with the variable equal to any of the values within that range. Thus, for a variable which is inherently discrete, the variable is equal to any integer value within the numerical range, including the end-points of the range. Similarly, for a variable which is inherently continuous, the variable is equal to any real value within the numerical range, including the end-points of the range. As an example, and without limitation, a variable which is described as having values between 0 and 2 takes the values 0, 1 or 2 if the variable is inherently discrete, and takes the values 0.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or any other real values ≧0 and ≦2 if the variable is inherently continuous.

As used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the word “or” is used in the inclusive sense of “and/or” and not the exclusive sense of “either/or.”

The term “on average” represents the mean value derived from performing at least three independent replicates for each data point.

The term “biological activity” encompasses structural and functional properties of a macrocycle of the invention. Biological activity is, for example, structural stability, alpha-helicity, affinity for a target, resistance to proteolytic degradation, cell penetrability, intracellular stability, in vivo stability, or any combination thereof.

The details of one or more particular embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

In some embodiments, the peptide sequences are derived from the p53 protein.

A non-limiting exemplary list of suitable p53 peptides for use in the present invention is given below.

TABLE 1 (SEQ ID NOS 1-18, respectively, in order of appearance) Sequence (bold = critical residue; X = cross-linked amino acid) Design Notes Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 linear Ac- X Gln Ser Gln X Thr Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #1 Ac- X Ser Gln Gln X Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #2 Ac- Gln Ser X Gln Thr Phe X Asn Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #3 Ac- Gln Ser Gln X Thr Phe Ser X Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #4 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln X Phe Ser Asn X Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #5 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe X Asn Leu Trp X Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #6 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser X Leu Trp Arg X Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #7 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp X Leu Leu Pro X Asn —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #8 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp Arg X Leu Pro Gln X —NH2 i--> i + 4 x-link #9 Ac- X Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe X Asn Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #1 Ac- X Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser X Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #2 Ac- Gln X Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser Asn X Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #3 Ac- Gln Ser Gln X Thr Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp X Leu Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #4 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln X Phe Ser Asn Leu Trp Arg X Leu Pro Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #5 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe X Asn Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu X Gln Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #6 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser X Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro X Asn —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #7 Ac- Gln Ser Gln Gln Thr Phe Ser Asn X Trp Arg Leu Leu Pro Gln X —NH2 i--> i + 7 x-link #8

TABLE 2 (SEQ ID NOS 19-31, respectively, in order of appearance) Design Sequence (bold = critical residue; X = cross-linked amino acid) Notes Ac- Leu Thr Phe Glu His Tyr Trp Ala Gln Leu Thr Ser —NH2 linear Ac- X Leu Thr Phe X His Tyr Trp Ala Gln Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #1 Ac- X Thr Phe Glu X Tyr Trp Ala Gln Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #2 Ac- Leu X Phe Glu His X Trp Ala Gln Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #3 Ac- Leu Thr Phe X His Tyr Trp X Gln Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #4 Ac- Leu Thr Phe Glu X Tyr Trp Ala X Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #5 Ac- Leu Thr Phe Glu His Tyr Trp X Gln Leu Thr X —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #6 Ac- Leu Thr Phe Glu His Tyr Trp Ala X Leu Thr Ser X —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- link #7 Ac- X Thr Phe Glu His Tyr Trp X Gln Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 7 X- link #1 Ac- Gln X Phe Glu His Tyr Trp Ala X Leu Thr Ser —NH2 i--> i + 7 X- link #2 Ac- Gln Thr Phe X His Tyr Trp Ala Gln Leu X Ser —NH2 i--> i + 7 X- link #3 Ac- Gln Thr Phe Glu X Tyr Trp Ala Gln Leu Thr X —NH2 i--> i + 7 X- link #4 Ac- Gln Thr Phe Glu His X Trp Ala Gln Leu Thr Ser X —NH2 i--> i + 7 X- link #5

TABLE 3 (SEQ ID NOS 32-37, respectively, in order of appearance) Design Sequence (bold = critical residue; X = cross-linked amino acid) Notes Ac- Phe Met Aib/His/ Tyr 6-ClTrp Glu Ac3c/Gln/Leu Leu —NH2 linear Asn Ac- X Phe Met Aib/His/ X 6-ClTrp Glu Ac3c/Gln/Leu Leu —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- Asn link #1 Ac- Phe X Aib/His/ Tyr 6-ClTrp X Ac3c/Gln/Leu Leu —NH2 i--> i + 4 x- Asn link #2 Ac- Phe Met X Tyr 6-ClTrp Glu X Leu —NH2 i-> i + 4 x- link #3 Ac- X Phe Met Aib/His/ Tyr 6-ClTrp Glu X Leu —NH2 i--> i + 7 x- Asn link #1 Ac- Phe X Aib/His/ Tyr 6-ClTrp Glu Ac3c/Gln/Leu Leu X —NH2 i--> i + 7 x- Asn link #2

In Table 3 and elsewhere, “Aib” represents a 2-aminoisobutyric acid residue, while “Ac3c” represents a aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid residue.

Peptidomimetic Macrocycles

In some embodiments, a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention has the Formula (I):

wherein:

each A, C, D, and E is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, and the terminal D and E independently optionally include a capping group;

B is a natural or non-natural amino acid, amino acid analog,

[—NH-L₃-CO-], [—NH-L₃-SO₂—], or [—NH-L₃-];

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅;

L is a macrocycle-forming linker of the formula -L₁-L₂-;

L₁ and L₂ are independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloarylene, heterocycloarylene, or [—R₄—K—R₄—]_(n), each being optionally substituted with R₅;

each R₄ is alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene;

each K is O, S, SO, SO₂, CO, CO₂, or CONR₃;

each R₅ is independently halogen, alkyl, —OR₆, —N(R₆)₂, —SR₆, —SOR₆, —SO₂R₆, —CO₂R₆, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

each R₆ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

R₇ is —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅, or part of a cyclic structure with a D residue;

R₈ is —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅, or part of a cyclic structure with an E residue;

v and w are independently integers from 1-1000;

u is an integer from 1-10;

x, y and z are independently integers from 0-10; and

n is an integer from 1-5.

In one embodiment, L₁ and L₂, either alone or in combination, do not form a triazole or a thioether.

In one example, at least one of R₁ and R₂ is alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-. In another example, both R₁ and R₂ are independently alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-. In some embodiments, at least one of R₁ and R₂ is methyl. In other embodiments, R₁ and R₂ are methyl.

In some embodiments of the invention, x+y+z is at least 3. In other embodiments of the invention, x+y+z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Each occurrence of A, B, C, D or E in a macrocycle or macrocycle precursor of the invention is independently selected. For example, a sequence represented by the formula [A]_(x), when x is 3, encompasses embodiments where the amino acids are not identical, e.g. Gln-Asp-Ala as well as embodiments where the amino acids are identical, e.g. Gln-Gln-Gln. This applies for any value of x, y, or z in the indicated ranges. Similarly, when u is greater than 1, each compound of the invention may encompass peptidomimetic macrocycles which are the same or different. For example, a compound of the invention may comprise peptidomimetic macrocycles comprising different linker lengths or chemical compositions.

In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention comprises a secondary structure which is an α-helix and R₈ is —H, allowing intrahelical hydrogen bonding. In some embodiments, at least one of A, B, C, D or E is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid. In one example, B is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid. For instance, at least one of A, B, C, D or E is 2-aminoisobutyric acid. In other embodiments, at least one of A, B, C, D or E is

In other embodiments, the length of the macrocycle-forming linker L as measured from a first Cα to a second Cα is selected to stabilize a desired secondary peptide structure, such as an α-helix formed by residues of the peptidomimetic macrocycle including, but not necessarily limited to, those between the first Cα to a second Cα.

In one embodiment, the peptidomimetic macrocycle of Formula (I) is:

wherein each R₁ and R₂ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-.

In related embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle of Formula (I) is:

In other embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle of Formula (I) is a compound of any of the formulas shown below:

wherein “AA” represents any natural or non-natural amino acid side chain and “

” is [D]_(v), [E]_(w) as defined above, and n is an integer between 0 and 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500. In some embodiments, n is 0. In other embodiments, n is less than 50.

Exemplary embodiments of the macrocycle-forming linker L are shown below.

In other embodiments, D and/or E in the compound of Formula I are further modified in order to facilitate cellular uptake. In some embodiments, lipidating or PEGylating a peptidomimetic macrocycle facilitates cellular uptake, increases bioavailability, increases blood circulation, alters pharmacokinetics, decreases immunogenicity and/or decreases the needed frequency of administration.

In other embodiments, at least one of [D] and [E] in the compound of Formula I represents a moiety comprising an additional macrocycle-forming linker such that the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises at least two macrocycle-forming linkers. In a specific embodiment, a peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises two macrocycle-forming linkers. In an embodiment, u is 2.

In the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention, any of the macrocycle-forming linkers described herein may be used in any combination with any of the sequences shown in Tables 1-4 and also with any of the R-substituents indicated herein.

In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises at least one α-helix motif. For example, A, B and/or C in the compound of Formula I include one or more α-helices. As a general matter, α-helices include between 3 and 4 amino acid residues per turn. In some embodiments, the α-helix of the peptidomimetic macrocycle includes 1 to 5 turns and, therefore, 3 to 20 amino acid residues. In specific embodiments, the α-helix includes 1 turn, 2 turns, 3 turns, 4 turns, or 5 turns. In some embodiments, the macrocycle-forming linker stabilizes an α-helix motif included within the peptidomimetic macrocycle. Thus, in some embodiments, the length of the macrocycle-forming linker L from a first Cα to a second Cα is selected to increase the stability of an α-helix. In some embodiments, the macrocycle-forming linker spans from 1 turn to 5 turns of the α-helix. In some embodiments, the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 1 turn, 2 turns, 3 turns, 4 turns, or 5 turns of the α-helix. In some embodiments, the length of the macrocycle-forming linker is approximately 5 Å to 9 Å per turn of the α-helix, or approximately 6 Å to 8 Å per turn of the α-helix. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 1 turn of an α-helix, the length is equal to approximately 5 carbon-carbon bonds to 13 carbon-carbon bonds, approximately 7 carbon-carbon bonds to 11 carbon-carbon bonds, or approximately 9 carbon-carbon bonds. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 2 turns of an α-helix, the length is equal to approximately 8 carbon-carbon bonds to 16 carbon-carbon bonds, approximately 10 carbon-carbon bonds to 14 carbon-carbon bonds, or approximately 12 carbon-carbon bonds. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 3 turns of an α-helix, the length is equal to approximately 14 carbon-carbon bonds to 22 carbon-carbon bonds, approximately 16 carbon-carbon bonds to 20 carbon-carbon bonds, or approximately 18 carbon-carbon bonds. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 4 turns of an α-helix, the length is equal to approximately 20 carbon-carbon bonds to 28 carbon-carbon bonds, approximately 22 carbon-carbon bonds to 26 carbon-carbon bonds, or approximately 24 carbon-carbon bonds. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 5 turns of an α-helix, the length is equal to approximately 26 carbon-carbon bonds to 34 carbon-carbon bonds, approximately 28 carbon-carbon bonds to 32 carbon-carbon bonds, or approximately 30 carbon-carbon bonds. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 1 turn of an α-helix, the linkage contains approximately 4 atoms to 12 atoms, approximately 6 atoms to 10 atoms, or approximately 8 atoms. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 2 turns of the α-helix, the linkage contains approximately 7 atoms to 15 atoms, approximately 9 atoms to 13 atoms, or approximately 11 atoms. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 3 turns of the α-helix, the linkage contains approximately 13 atoms to 21 atoms, approximately 15 atoms to 19 atoms, or approximately 17 atoms. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 4 turns of the α-helix, the linkage contains approximately 19 atoms to 27 atoms, approximately 21 atoms to 25 atoms, or approximately 23 atoms. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 5 turns of the α-helix, the linkage contains approximately 25 atoms to 33 atoms, approximately 27 atoms to 31 atoms, or approximately 29 atoms. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 1 turn of the α-helix, the resulting macrocycle forms a ring containing approximately 17 members to 25 members, approximately 19 members to 23 members, or approximately 21 members. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 2 turns of the α-helix, the resulting macrocycle forms a ring containing approximately 29 members to 37 members, approximately 31 members to 35 members, or approximately 33 members. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 3 turns of the α-helix, the resulting macrocycle forms a ring containing approximately 44 members to 52 members, approximately 46 members to 50 members, or approximately 48 members. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 4 turns of the α-helix, the resulting macrocycle forms a ring containing approximately 59 members to 67 members, approximately 61 members to 65 members, or approximately 63 members. Where the macrocycle-forming linker spans approximately 5 turns of the α-helix, the resulting macrocycle forms a ring containing approximately 74 members to 82 members, approximately 76 members to 80 members, or approximately 78 members.

In other embodiments, the invention provides peptidomimetic macrocycles of Formula (IV) or (IVa):

wherein:

each A, C, D, and E is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, and the terminal D and E independently optionally include a capping group;

B is a natural or non-natural amino acid, amino acid analog,

[—NH-L₃-CO-], [—NH-L₃-SO₂—], or [—NH-L₃-];

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-, or part of a cyclic structure with an E residue;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅;

L is a macrocycle-forming linker of the formula -L₁-L₂-;

L₁ and L₂ are independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloarylene, heterocycloarylene, or [—R₄—K—R₄—]_(n), each being optionally substituted with R₅;

each R₄ is alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene;

each K is O, S, SO, SO₂, CO, CO₂, or CONR₃;

each R₅ is independently halogen, alkyl, —OR₆, —N(R₆)₂, —SR₆, —SOR₆, —SO₂R₆, —CO₂R₆, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

each R₆ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent;

R₇ is —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅;

v and w are independently integers from 1-1000;

u is an integer from 1-10;

x, y and z are independently integers from 0-10; and

n is an integer from 1-5.

In one example, L₁ and L₂, either alone or in combination, do not form a triazole or a thioether.

In one example, at least one of R₁ and R₂ is alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-. In another example, both R₁ and R₂ are independently alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-. In some embodiments, at least one of R₁ and R₂ is methyl. In other embodiments, R₁ and R₂ are methyl.

In some embodiments of the invention, x+y+z is at least 1. In other embodiments of the invention, x+y+z is at least 2. In other embodiments of the invention, x+y+z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Each occurrence of A, B, C, D or E in a macrocycle or macrocycle precursor of the invention is independently selected. For example, a sequence represented by the formula [A]_(x), when x is 3, encompasses embodiments where the amino acids are not identical, e.g. Gln-Asp-Ala as well as embodiments where the amino acids are identical, e.g. Gln-Gln-Gln. This applies for any value of x, y, or z in the indicated ranges.

In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention comprises a secondary structure which is an α-helix and R₈ is —H, allowing intrahelical hydrogen bonding. In some embodiments, at least one of A, B, C, D or E is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid. In one example, B is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid. For instance, at least one of A, B, C, D or E is 2-aminoisobutyric acid. In other embodiments, at least one of A, B, C, D or E is

In other embodiments, the length of the macrocycle-forming linker L as measured from a first Cα to a second Cα is selected to stabilize a desired secondary peptide structure, such as an α-helix formed by residues of the peptidomimetic macrocycle including, but not necessarily limited to, those between the first Cα to a second Cα.

Exemplary embodiments of the macrocycle-forming linker -L₁-L₂- are shown below.

Preparation of Peptidomimetic Macrocycles

Peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention may be prepared by any of a variety of methods known in the art. For example, any of the residues indicated by “X” in Tables 1, 2, 3, or 4 may be substituted with a residue capable of forming a crosslinker with a second residue in the same molecule or a precursor of such a residue.

Various methods to effect formation of peptidomimetic macrocycles are known in the art. For example, the preparation of peptidomimetic macrocycles of Formula I is described in Schafmeister et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:5891-5892 (2000); Schafmeister & Verdine, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:5891 (2005); Walensky et al., Science 305:1466-1470 (2004); U.S. Pat. No. 7,192,713 and PCT application WO 2008/121767. The α,α-disubstituted amino acids and amino acid precursors disclosed in the cited references may be employed in synthesis of the peptidomimetic macrocycle precursor polypeptides. For example, the “S5-olefin amino acid” is (S)-α-(2′-pentenyl) alanine and the “R8 olefin amino acid” is (R)-α-(2′-octenyl) alanine. Following incorporation of such amino acids into precursor polypeptides, the terminal olefins are reacted with a metathesis catalyst, leading to the formation of the peptidomimetic macrocycle. In various embodiments, the following amino acids may be employed in the synthesis of the peptidomimetic macrocycle:

In other embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention are of Formula IV or IVa. Methods for the preparation of such macrocycles are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,202,332.

Additional methods of forming peptidomimetic macrocycles which are envisioned as suitable to perform the present invention include those disclosed by Mustapa, M. Firouz Mohd et al., J. Org. Chem (2003), 68, pp. 8193-8198; Yang, Bin et al. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. (2004), 14, pp. 1403-1406; U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,851; U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,128; U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,483; U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,280; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,202,332. In such embodiments, aminoacid precursors are used containing an additional substituent R- at the alpha position. Such aminoacids are incorporated into the macrocycle precursor at the desired positions, which may be at the positions where the crosslinker is substituted or, alternatively, elsewhere in the sequence of the macrocycle precursor. Cyclization of the precursor is then effected according to the indicated method.

Assays

The properties of the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention are assayed, for example, by using the methods described below. In some embodiments, a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention has improved biological properties relative to a corresponding polypeptide lacking the substituents described herein.

Assay to Determine α-Helicity.

In solution, the secondary structure of polypeptides with α-helical domains will reach a dynamic equilibrium between random coil structures and α-helical structures, often expressed as a “percent helicity”. Thus, for example, alpha-helical domains are predominantly random coils in solution, with α-helical content usually under 25%. Peptidomimetic macrocycles with optimized linkers, on the other hand, possess, for example, an alpha-helicity that is at least two-fold greater than that of a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide. In some embodiments, macrocycles of the invention will possess an alpha-helicity of greater than 50%. To assay the helicity of peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention, the compounds are dissolved in an aqueous solution (e.g. 50 mM potassium phosphate solution at pH 7, or distilled H₂O, to concentrations of 25-50 μM). Circular dichroism (CD) spectra are obtained on a spectropolarimeter (e.g., Jasco J-710) using standard measurement parameters (e.g. temperature, 20° C.; wavelength, 190-260 nm; step resolution, 0.5 nm; speed, 20 nm/sec; accumulations, 10; response, 1 sec; bandwidth, 1 nm; path length, 0.1 cm). The α-helical content of each peptide is calculated by dividing the mean residue ellipticity (e.g. [Φ]222obs) by the reported value for a model helical decapeptide (Yang et al. (1986), Methods Enzymol. 130:208)).

Assay to Determine Melting Temperature (Tm).

A peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention comprising a secondary structure such as an α-helix exhibits, for example, a higher melting temperature than a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide. Typically peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention exhibit Tm of >60° C. representing a highly stable structure in aqueous solutions. To assay the effect of macrocycle formation on melting temperature, peptidomimetic macrocycles or unmodified peptides are dissolved in distilled H₂O (e.g. at a final concentration of 50 μM) and the Tm is determined by measuring the change in ellipticity over a temperature range (e.g. 4 to 95° C.) on a spectropolarimeter (e.g., Jasco J-710) using standard parameters (e.g. wavelength 222 nm; step resolution, 0.5 nm; speed, 20 nm/sec; accumulations, 10; response, 1 sec; bandwidth, 1 nm; temperature increase rate: 1° C./min; path length, 0.1 cm).

Protease Resistance Assay.

The amide bond of the peptide backbone is susceptible to hydrolysis by proteases, thereby rendering peptidic compounds vulnerable to rapid degradation in vivo. Peptide helix formation, however, typically buries the amide backbone and therefore may shield it from proteolytic cleavage. The peptidomimetic macrocycles of the present invention may be subjected to in vitro trypsin proteolysis to assess for any change in degradation rate compared to a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide. For example, the peptidomimetic macrocycle and a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide are incubated with trypsin agarose and the reactions quenched at various time points by centrifugation and subsequent HPLC injection to quantitate the residual substrate by ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm Briefly, the peptidomimetic macrocycle and peptidomimetic precursor (5 mcg) are incubated with trypsin agarose (Pierce) (S/E ˜125) for 0, 10, 20, 90, and 180 minutes. Reactions are quenched by tabletop centrifugation at high speed; remaining substrate in the isolated supernatant is quantified by HPLC-based peak detection at 280 nm. The proteolytic reaction displays first order kinetics and the rate constant, k, is determined from a plot of ln[S] versus time (k=−1×slope).

Ex Vivo Stability Assay.

Peptidomimetic macrocycles with optimized linkers possess, for example, an ex vivo half-life that is at least two-fold greater than that of a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide, and possess an ex vivo half-life of 12 hours or more. For ex vivo serum stability studies, a variety of assays may be used. For example, a peptidomimetic macrocycle and a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide (2 mcg) are incubated with fresh mouse, rat and/or human serum (2 mL) at 37° C. for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours. To determine the level of intact compound, the following procedure may be used: The samples are extracted by transferring 100 μl of sera to 2 ml centrifuge tubes followed by the addition of 10 μL of 50% formic acid and 500 μL acetonitrile and centrifugation at 14,000 RPM for 10 min at 4±2° C. The supernatants are then transferred to fresh 2 ml tubes and evaporated on Turbovap under N₂<10 psi, 37° C. The samples are reconstituted in 100 μL of 50:50 acetonitrile:water and submitted to LC-MS/MS analysis.

In Vitro Binding Assays.

To assess the binding and affinity of peptidomimetic macrocycles and peptidomimetic precursors to acceptor proteins, a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) is used, for example. The FPA technique measures the molecular orientation and mobility using polarized light and fluorescent tracer. When excited with polarized light, fluorescent tracers (e.g., FITC) attached to molecules with high apparent molecular weights (e.g. FITC-labeled peptides bound to a large protein) emit higher levels of polarized fluorescence due to their slower rates of rotation as compared to fluorescent tracers attached to smaller molecules (e.g. FITC-labeled peptides that are free in solution).

For example, fluoresceinated peptidomimetic macrocycles (25 nM) are incubated with the acceptor protein (25-1000 nM) in binding buffer (140 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.4) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Binding activity is measured, for example, by fluorescence polarization on a luminescence spectrophotometer (e.g. Perkin-Elmer LS50B). Kd values may be determined by nonlinear regression analysis using, for example, Graphpad Prism software (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). A peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention shows, in some instances, similar or lower Kd than a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide.

In Vitro Displacement Assays to Characterize Antagonists of Peptide-Protein Interactions.

To assess the binding and affinity of compounds that antagonize the interaction between a peptide and an acceptor protein, a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) utilizing a fluoresceinated peptidomimetic macrocycle derived from a peptidomimetic precursor sequence is used, for example. The FPA technique measures the molecular orientation and mobility using polarized light and fluorescent tracer. When excited with polarized light, fluorescent tracers (e.g., FITC) attached to molecules with high apparent molecular weights (e.g. FITC-labeled peptides bound to a large protein) emit higher levels of polarized fluorescence due to their slower rates of rotation as compared to fluorescent tracers attached to smaller molecules (e.g. FITC-labeled peptides that are free in solution). A compound that antagonizes the interaction between the fluoresceinated peptidomimetic macrocycle and an acceptor protein will be detected in a competitive binding FPA experiment.

For example, putative antagonist compounds (1 nM to 1 mM) and a fluoresceinated peptidomimetic macrocycle (25 nM) are incubated with the acceptor protein (50 nM) in binding buffer (140 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.4) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Antagonist binding activity is measured, for example, by fluorescence polarization on a luminescence spectrophotometer (e.g. Perkin-Elmer LS50B). Kd values may be determined by nonlinear regression analysis using, for example, Graphpad Prism software (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).

Any class of molecule, such as small organic molecules, peptides, oligonucleotides or proteins can be examined as putative antagonists in this assay.

Assay for Protein-Ligand Binding by Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry

To assess the binding and affinity of test compounds for proteins, an affinity-selection mass spectrometry assay is used, for example. Protein-ligand binding experiments are conducted according to the following representative procedure outlined for a system-wide control experiment using 1 μM peptidomimetic macrocycle plus 5 μM hMDM2. A 1 μL DMSO aliquot of a 40 μM stock solution of peptidomimetic macrocycle is dissolved in 19 μL of PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline: 50 mM, pH 7.5 Phosphate buffer containing 150 mM NaCl). The resulting solution is mixed by repeated pipetting and clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 g for 10 min. To a 4 μL aliquot of the resulting supernatant is added 4 μL of 10 μM hMDM2 in PBS. Each 8.0 μL experimental sample thus contains 40 pmol (1.5 μg) of protein at 5.0 μM concentration in PBS plus 1 μM peptidomimetic macrocycle and 2.5% DMSO. Duplicate samples thus prepared for each concentration point are incubated for 60 min at room temperature, and then chilled to 4° C. prior to size-exclusion chromatography-LC-MS analysis of 5.0 μL injections. Samples containing a target protein, protein-ligand complexes, and unbound compounds are injected onto an SEC column, where the complexes are separated from non-binding component by a rapid SEC step. The SEC column eluate is monitored using UV detectors to confirm that the early-eluting protein fraction, which elutes in the void volume of the SEC column, is well resolved from unbound components that are retained on the column. After the peak containing the protein and protein-ligand complexes elutes from the primary UV detector, it enters a sample loop where it is excised from the flow stream of the SEC stage and transferred directly to the LC-MS via a valving mechanism. The (M+3H)³⁺ ion of the peptidomimetic macrocycle is observed by ESI-MS at the expected m/z, confirming the detection of the protein-ligand complex.

Assay for Protein-Ligand Kd Titration Experiments.

To assess the binding and affinity of test compounds for proteins, a protein-ligand Kd titration experiment is performed, for example. Protein-ligand K_(d) titrations experiments are conducted as follows: 2 μL DMSO aliquots of a serially diluted stock solution of titrant peptidomimetic macrocycle (5, 2.5, . . . , 0.098 mM) are prepared then dissolved in 38 μL of PBS. The resulting solutions are mixed by repeated pipetting and clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 g for 10 min. To 4.0 μL aliquots of the resulting supernatants is added 4.0 μL of 10 μM hMDM2 in PBS. Each 8.0 μL experimental sample thus contains 40 pmol (1.5 μg) of protein at 5.0 μM concentration in PBS, varying concentrations (125, 62.5, . . . , 0.24 μM) of the titrant peptide, and 2.5% DMSO. Duplicate samples thus prepared for each concentration point are incubated at room temperature for 30 min, then chilled to 4° C. prior to SEC-LC-MS analysis of 2.0 μL injections. The (M+H)¹⁺, (M+2H)²⁺, (M+3H)³⁺, and/or (M+Na)¹⁺ ion is observed by ESI-MS; extracted ion chromatograms are quantified, then fit to equations to derive the binding affinity K_(d) as described in “A General Technique to Rank Protein-Ligand Binding Affinities and Determine Allosteric vs. Direct Binding Site Competition in Compound Mixtures.” Annis, D. A.; Nazef, N.; Chuang, C. C.; Scott, M. P.; Nash, H. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 15495-15503; also in “ALIS: An Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry System for the Discovery and Characterization of Protein-Ligand Interactions” D. A. Annis, C.-C. Chuang, and N. Nazef. In Mass Spectrometry in Medicinal Chemistry. Edited by Wanner K, Höfner G: Wiley-VCH; 2007:121-184. Mannhold R, Kubinyi H, Folkers G (Series Editors): Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry.

Assay for Competitive Binding Experiments by Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry

To determine the ability of test compounds to bind competitively to proteins, an affinity selection mass spectrometry assay is performed, for example. A mixture of ligands at 40 μM per component is prepared by combining 2 μL aliquots of 400 μM stocks of each of the three compounds with 14 μL of DMSO. Then, 1 μL aliquots of this 40 μM per component mixture are combined with 1 μL at DMSO aliquots of a serially diluted stock solution of titrant peptidomimetic macrocycle (10, 5, 2.5, . . . , 0.078 mM). These 2 μL samples are dissolved in 38 μL of PBS. The resulting solutions were mixed by repeated pipetting and clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 g for 10 min. To 4.0 μL aliquots of the resulting supernatants is added 4.0 μL of 10 μM hMDM2 protein in PBS. Each 8.0 μL experimental sample thus contains 40 pmol (1.5 μg) of protein at 5.0 μM concentration in PBS plus 0.5 μM ligand, 2.5% DMSO, and varying concentrations (125, 62.5, . . . , 0.98 μM) of the titrant peptidomimetic macrocycle. Duplicate samples thus prepared for each concentration point are incubated at room temperature for 60 min, then chilled to 4° C. prior to SEC-LC-MS analysis of 2.0 μL injections. Additional details on these and other methods are provided in “A General Technique to Rank Protein-Ligand Binding Affinities and Determine Allosteric vs. Direct Binding Site Competition in Compound Mixtures.” Annis, D. A.; Nazef, N.; Chuang, C. C.; Scott, M. P.; Nash, H. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 15495-15503; also in “ALIS: An Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry System for the Discovery and Characterization of Protein-Ligand Interactions” D. A. Annis, C.-C. Chuang, and N. Nazef. In Mass Spectrometry in Medicinal Chemistry. Edited by Wanner K, Höfner G: Wiley-VCH; 2007:121-184. Mannhold R, Kubinyi H, Folkers G (Series Editors): Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry.

Binding Assays in Intact Cells.

It is possible to measure binding of peptides or peptidomimetic macrocycles to their natural acceptors in intact cells by immunoprecipitation experiments. For example, intact cells are incubated with fluoresceinated (FITC-labeled) compounds for 4 hrs in the absence of serum, followed by serum replacement and further incubation that ranges from 4-18 hrs. Cells are then pelleted and incubated in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris [pH 7.6], 150 mM NaCl, 1% CHAPS and protease inhibitor cocktail) for 10 minutes at 4° C. Extracts are centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes and supernatants collected and incubated with 10 μl goat anti-FITC antibody for 2 hrs, rotating at 4° C. followed by further 2 hrs incubation at 4° C. with protein A/G Sepharose (50 μl of 50% bead slurry). After quick centrifugation, the pellets are washed in lysis buffer containing increasing salt concentration (e.g., 150, 300, 500 mM). The beads are then re-equilibrated at 150 mM NaCl before addition of SDS-containing sample buffer and boiling. After centrifugation, the supernatants are optionally electrophoresed using 4%-12% gradient Bis-Tris gels followed by transfer into Immobilon-P membranes. After blocking, blots are optionally incubated with an antibody that detects FITC and also with one or more antibodies that detect proteins that bind to the peptidomimetic macrocycle.

Cellular Penetrability Assays.

A peptidomimetic macrocycle is, for example, more cell penetrable compared to a corresponding uncrosslinked macrocycle. Peptidomimetic macrocycles with optimized linkers possess, for example, cell penetrability that is at least two-fold greater than a corresponding uncrosslinked macrocycle, and often 20% or more of the applied peptidomimetic macrocycle will be observed to have penetrated the cell after 4 hours. To measure the cell penetrability of peptidomimetic macrocycles and corresponding uncrosslinked macrocycle, intact cells are incubated with fluoresceinated peptidomimetic macrocycles or corresponding uncrosslinked macrocycle (10 μM) for 4 hrs in serum free media at 37° C., washed twice with media and incubated with trypsin (0.25%) for 10 min at 37° C. The cells are washed again and resuspended in PBS. Cellular fluorescence is analyzed, for example, by using either a FACSCalibur flow cytometer or Cellomics' KineticScan® HCS Reader.

Cellular Efficacy Assays.

The efficacy of certain peptidomimetic macrocycles is determined, for example, in cell-based killing assays using a variety of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cell lines and primary cells derived from human or mouse cell populations. Cell viability is monitored, for example, over 24-96 hrs of incubation with peptidomimetic macrocycles (0.5 to 50 μM) to identify those that kill at EC50<10 μM. Several standard assays that measure cell viability are commercially available and are optionally used to assess the efficacy of the peptidomimetic macrocycles. In addition, assays that measure Annexin V and caspase activation are optionally used to assess whether the peptidomimetic macrocycles kill cells by activating the apoptotic machinery. For example, the Cell Titer-glo assay is used which determines cell viability as a function of intracellular ATP concentration.

In Vivo Stability Assay.

To investigate the in vivo stability of the peptidomimetic macrocycles, the compounds are, for example, administered to mice and/or rats by IV, IP, PO or inhalation routes at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 50 mg/kg and blood specimens withdrawn at 0′, 5′, 15′, 30′, 1 hr, 4 hrs, 8 hrs and 24 hours post-injection. Levels of intact compound in 25 μL of fresh serum are then measured by LC-MS/MS as above.

In Vivo Efficacy in Animal Models.

To determine the anti-oncogenic activity of peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention in vivo, the compounds are, for example, given alone (IP, IV, PO, by inhalation or nasal routes) or in combination with sub-optimal doses of relevant chemotherapy (e.g., cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide). In one example, 5×10⁶ RS4; 11 cells (established from the bone marrow of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia) that stably express luciferase are injected by tail vein in NOD-SCID mice 3 hrs after they have been subjected to total body irradiation. If left untreated, this form of leukemia is fatal in 3 weeks in this model. The leukemia is readily monitored, for example, by injecting the mice with D-luciferin (60 mg/kg) and imaging the anesthetized animals (e.g., Xenogen In Vivo Imaging System, Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, Mass.). Total body bioluminescence is quantified by integration of photonic flux (photons/sec) by Living Image Software (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, Mass.). Peptidomimetic macrocycles alone or in combination with sub-optimal doses of relevant chemotherapeutics agents are, for example, administered to leukemic mice (10 days after injection/day 1 of experiment, in bioluminescence range of 14-16) by tail vein or IP routes at doses ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg for 7 to 21 days. Optionally, the mice are imaged throughout the experiment every other day and survival monitored daily for the duration of the experiment. Expired mice are optionally subjected to necropsy at the end of the experiment. Another animal model is implantation into NOD-SCID mice of DoHH2, a cell line derived from human follicular lymphoma, that stably expresses luciferase. These in vivo tests optionally generate preliminary pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicology data.

Clinical Trials.

To determine the suitability of the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention for treatment of humans, clinical trials are performed. For example, patients diagnosed with cancer and in need of treatment are selected and separated in treatment and one or more control groups, wherein the treatment group is administered a peptidomimetic macrocycle of the invention, while the control groups receive a placebo or a known anti-cancer drug. The treatment safety and efficacy of the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention can thus be evaluated by performing comparisons of the patient groups with respect to factors such as survival and quality-of-life. In this example, the patient group treated with a peptidomimetic macrocyle show improved long-term survival compared to a patient control group treated with a placebo.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration

The peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention also include pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives or prodrugs thereof A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, pro-drug or other derivative of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention. Particularly favored pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of the invention when administered to a mammal (e.g., by increasing absorption into the blood of an orally administered compound) or which increases delivery of the active compound to a biological compartment (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system) relative to the parent species. Some pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives include a chemical group which increases aqueous solubility or active transport across the gastrointestinal mucosa.

In some embodiments, the peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention are modified by covalently or non-covalently joining appropriate functional groups to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological compartment (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism, and alter rate of excretion.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, butyrate, citrate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, formate, fumarate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate and undecanoate. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N-(alkyl)₄ ⁺ salts.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include either solid or liquid carriers. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances, which also acts as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. Details on techniques for formulation and administration are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maack Publishing Co, Easton Pa.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid, which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

Suitable solid excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers include, but are not limited to sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; and gums including arabic and tragacanth; as well as proteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating or solubilizing agents are added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

The pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a peptidomimetic macrocycle and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen. In some embodiments, the additional agents are administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention. Alternatively, those agents are part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in a single composition.

Methods of Use

In one aspect, the present invention provides novel peptidomimetic macrocycles that are useful in competitive binding assays to identify agents which bind to the natural ligand(s) of the proteins or peptides upon which the peptidomimetic macrocycles are modeled. For example, in the p53/HDMX system, labeled peptidomimetic macrocycles based on p53 can be used in a HDMX binding assay along with small molecules that competitively bind to HDMX. Competitive binding studies allow for rapid in vitro evaluation and determination of drug candidates specific for the p53/HDMX system. Such binding studies may be performed with any of the peptidomimetic macrocycles disclosed herein and their binding partners.

The invention further provides for the generation of antibodies against the peptidomimetic macrocycles. In some embodiments, these antibodies specifically bind both the peptidomimetic macrocycle and the precursor peptides, such as p53, to which the peptidomimetic macrocycles are related. Such antibodies, for example, disrupt the native protein-protein interaction, for example, binding between p53 and HDMX.

In other aspects, the present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a disorder or having a disorder associated with aberrant (e.g., insufficient or excessive) expression or activity of the molecules including p53, HDM2 or HDMX.

In another embodiment, a disorder is caused, at least in part, by an abnormal level of p53 or HDM2 or HDMX, (e.g., over or under expression), or by the presence of p53 or HDM2 or HDMX exhibiting abnormal activity. As such, the reduction in the level and/or activity of p53 or HDM2 or HDMX, or the enhancement of the level and/or activity of p53 or HDM2 or HDMX, by peptidomimetic macrocycles derived from p53, is used, for example, to ameliorate or reduce the adverse symptoms of the disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing a disease including hyperproliferative disease and inflammatory disorder by interfering with the interaction or binding between binding partners, for example, between p53 and HDM2 or p53 and HDMX. These methods comprise administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention to a warm blooded animal, including a human. In some embodiments, the administration of the compounds of the present invention induces cell growth arrest or apoptosis.

As used herein, the term “treatment” is defined as the application or administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has a disease, a symptom of disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease or the predisposition toward disease.

In some embodiments, the peptidomimetics macrocycles of the invention is used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose cancers and neoplastic conditions. As used herein, the terms “cancer”, “hyperproliferative” and “neoplastic” refer to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. Hyperproliferative and neoplastic disease states may be categorized as pathologic, i.e., characterizing or constituting a disease state, or may be categorized as non-pathologic, i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. A metastatic tumor can arise from a multitude of primary tumor types, including but not limited to those of breast, lung, liver, colon and ovarian origin. “Pathologic hyperproliferative” cells occur in disease states characterized by malignant tumor growth. Examples of non-pathologic hyperproliferative cells include proliferation of cells associated with wound repair. Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or metastatic disorders. In some embodiments, the peptidomimetics macrocycles are novel therapeutic agents for controlling breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, metastasis of such cancers and the like.

Examples of cancers or neoplastic conditions include, but are not limited to, a fibrosarcoma, myosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, cancer of the head and neck, skin cancer, brain cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm's tumor, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma, or Kaposi sarcoma.

Examples of proliferative disorders include hematopoietic neoplastic disorders. As used herein, the term “hematopoietic neoplastic disorders” includes diseases involving hyperplastic/neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin, e.g., arising from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof. Preferably, the diseases arise from poorly differentiated acute leukemias, e.g., erythroblastic leukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Additional exemplary myeloid disorders include, but are not limited to, acute promyeloid leukemia (APML), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (reviewed in Vaickus (1991), Crit Rev. Oncol./Hemotol. 11:267-97); lymphoid malignancies include, but are not limited to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which includes B-lineage ALL and T-lineage ALL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), hairy cell leukemia (HLL) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Additional forms of malignant lymphomas include, but are not limited to non-Hodgkin lymphoma and variants thereof, peripheral T cell lymphomas, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGF), Hodgkin's disease and Reed-Stemberg disease.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders of the breast include, but are not limited to, proliferative breast disease including, e.g., epithelial hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and small duct papillomas; tumors, e.g., stromal tumors such as fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, and sarcomas, and epithelial tumors such as large duct papilloma; carcinoma of the breast including in situ (noninvasive) carcinoma that includes ductal carcinoma in situ (including Paget's disease) and lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma including, but not limited to, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, colloid (mucinous) carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, and invasive papillary carcinoma, and miscellaneous malignant neoplasms. Disorders in the male breast include, but are not limited to, gynecomastia and carcinoma.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders of the lung include, but are not limited to, bronchogenic carcinoma, including paraneoplastic syndromes, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, such as bronchial carcinoid, miscellaneous tumors, and metastatic tumors; pathologies of the pleura, including inflammatory pleural effusions, noninflammatory pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and pleural tumors, including solitary fibrous tumors (pleural fibroma) and malignant mesothelioma.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders of the colon include, but are not limited to, non-neoplastic polyps, adenomas, familial syndromes, colorectal carcinogenesis, colorectal carcinoma, and carcinoid tumors.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders of the liver include, but are not limited to, nodular hyperplasias, adenomas, and malignant tumors, including primary carcinoma of the liver and metastatic tumors.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders of the ovary include, but are not limited to, ovarian tumors such as, tumors of coelomic epithelium, serous tumors, mucinous tumors, endometrioid tumors, clear cell adenocarcinoma, cystadenofibroma, Brenner tumor, surface epithelial tumors; germ cell tumors such as mature (benign) teratomas, monodermal teratomas, immature malignant teratomas, dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumor, choriocarcinoma; sex cord-stomal tumors such as, granulosa-theca cell tumors, thecomafibromas, androblastomas, hill cell tumors, and gonadoblastoma; and metastatic tumors such as Krukenberg tumors.

In other or further embodiments, the peptidomimetics macrocycles described herein are used to treat, prevent or diagnose conditions characterized by overactive cell death or cellular death due to physiologic insult, etc. Some examples of conditions characterized by premature or unwanted cell death are or alternatively unwanted or excessive cellular proliferation include, but are not limited to hypocellular/hypoplastic, acellular/aplastic, or hypercellular/hyperplastic conditions. Some examples include hematologic disorders including but not limited to fanconi anemia, aplastic anemia, thalaessemia, congenital neutropenia, and myelodysplasia.

In other or further embodiments, the peptidomimetics macrocycles of the invention that act to decrease apoptosis are used to treat disorders associated with an undesirable level of cell death. Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-apoptotic peptidomimetics macrocycles of the invention are used to treat disorders such as those that lead to cell death associated with viral infection, e.g., infection associated with infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A wide variety of neurological diseases are characterized by the gradual loss of specific sets of neurons. One example is Alzheimer's disease (AD) Alzheimer's disease is characterized by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions. This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions. Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are visible in brains of those afflicted by AD Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease, due to the accumulation of abnormally folded A-beta and tau proteins in the brain. Plaques are made up of β-amyloid. β-amyloid is a fragment from a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is critical to neuron growth, survival and post-injury repair. In AD, an unknown process causes APP to be cleaved into smaller fragments by enzymes through proteolysis. One of these fragments is fibrils of β-amyloid, which form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques. Plaques continue to grow into insoluble twisted fibers within the nerve cell, often called tangles. Disruption of the interaction between β-amyloid and its native receptor is therefore important in the treatment of AD. The anti-apoptotic peptidomimetics macrocycles of the invention are used, in some embodiments, in the treatment of AD and other neurological disorders associated with cell apoptosis. Such neurological disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) retinitis pigmentosa, spinal muscular atrophy, and various forms of cerebellar degeneration. The cell loss in these diseases does not induce an inflammatory response, and apoptosis appears to be the mechanism of cell death.

In addition, a number of hematologic diseases are associated with a decreased production of blood cells. These disorders include anemia associated with chronic disease, aplastic anemia, chronic neutropenia, and the myelodysplastic syndromes. Disorders of blood cell production, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and some forms of aplastic anemia, are associated with increased apoptotic cell death within the bone marrow. These disorders could result from the activation of genes that promote apoptosis, acquired deficiencies in stromal cells or hematopoietic survival factors, or the direct effects of toxins and mediators of immune responses. Two common disorders associated with cell death are myocardial infarctions and stroke. In both disorders, cells within the central area of ischemia, which is produced in the event of acute loss of blood flow, appear to die rapidly as a result of necrosis. However, outside the central ischemic zone, cells die over a more protracted time period and morphologically appear to die by apoptosis. In other or further embodiments, the anti-apoptotic peptidomimetics macrocycles of the invention are used to treat all such disorders associated with undesirable cell death.

Some examples of neurologic disorders that are treated with the peptidomimetics macrocycles described herein include but are not limited to Alzheimer's Disease, Down's Syndrome, Dutch Type Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage Amyloidosis, Reactive Amyloidosis, Familial Amyloid Nephropathy with Urticaria and Deafness, Muckle-Wells Syndrome, Idiopathic Myeloma; Macroglobulinemia-Associated Myeloma, Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy, Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy, Isolated Cardiac Amyloid, Systemic Senile Amyloidosis, Adult Onset Diabetes, Insulinoma, Isolated Atrial Amyloid, Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Familial Amyloidosis, Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage With Amyloidosis, Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy, Scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, Gerstmann Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis, a prion-mediated disease, and Huntington's Disease.

In another embodiment, the peptidomimetics macrocycles described herein are used to treat, prevent or diagnose inflammatory disorders. Numerous types of inflammatory disorders exist. Certain inflammatory diseases are associated with the immune system, for example, autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body, i.e. self antigens. In other words, the immune system attacks its own cells. Autoimmune diseases are a major cause of immune-mediated diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the joints, where it causes inflammation (i.e. arthritis) and destruction. It can also damage some organs, such as the lungs and skin. Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to substantial loss of functioning and mobility. Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed with blood tests especially the rheumatoid factor test. Some examples of autoimmune diseases that are treated with the peptidomimetics macrocycles described herein include, but are not limited to, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Addison's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, Bechet's disease, bullous pemphigoid, coeliac disease, Chagas disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Crohn's disease, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus type 1, endometriosis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), Hashimoto's disease, Hidradenitis suppurativa, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowl disease (IBD), interstitial cystitis, lupus erythematosus, morphea, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, narcolepsy, neuromyotonia, pemphigus vulgaris, pernicious anaemia, Polymyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica, primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, temporal arteritis (also known as “giant cell arteritis”), Takayasu's arteritis, Vasculitis, Vitiligo, and Wegener's granulomatosis.

Some examples of other types of inflammatory disorders that are treated with the peptidomimetics macrocycles described herein include, but are not limited to, allergy including allergic rhinitis/sinusitis, skin allergies (urticaria/hives, angioedema, atopic dermatitis), food allergies, drug allergies, insect allergies, and rare allergic disorders such as mastocytosis, asthma, arthritis including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and spondyloarthropathies, primary angitis of the CNS, sarcoidosis, organ transplant rejection, fibromyalgia, fibrosis, pancreatitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Examples of cardiovascular disorders (e.g., inflammatory disorders) that are treated or prevented with the peptidomimetics macrocycles of the invention include, but are not limited to, aortic valve stenosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis, aneurism, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, sudden cardiac death, hypertensive heart disease; non-coronary vessel disease, such as arteriolosclerosis, small vessel disease, nephropathy, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, xanthomatosis, asthma, hypertension, emphysema and chronic pulmonary disease; or a cardiovascular condition associated with interventional procedures (“procedural vascular trauma”), such as restenosis following angioplasty, placement of a shunt, stent, synthetic or natural excision grafts, indwelling catheter, valve or other implantable devices. Preferred cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, aneurism, and stroke.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of 6-Chlorotryptophan Fmoc Amino Acids

Tert-butyl 6-chloro-3-formyl-1H-indole-1-carboxylate, 1. To a stirred solution of dry DMF (12 mL) was added dropwise POCl₃ (3.92 mL, 43 mmol, 1.3 equiv) at 0° C. under Argon. The solution was stirred at the same temperature for 20 min before a solution of 6-chloroindole (5.0 g, 33 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry DMF (30 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for an additional 2.5 h. Water (50 mL) was added and the solution was neutralized with 4M aqueous NaOH (pH ˜8). The resulting solid was filtered off, washed with water and dried under vacuum. This material was directly used in the next step without additional purification. To a stirred solution of the crude formyl indole (33 mmol, 1 eq.) in THF (150 mL) was added successively Boc₂O (7.91 g, 36.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and DMAP (0.4 g, 3.3 mmol, 0.1 equiv) at room temperature under N₂. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl, dried and concentrated to give the formyl indole 1 (9 g, 98% over 2 steps) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.70 (s, Boc, 9H); 7.35 (dd, 1H); 8.21 (m, 3H); 10.07 (s, 1H).

Tert-butyl 6-chloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate, 2. To a solution of compound 1 (8.86 g, 32 mmol, 1 eq.) in ethanol (150 mL) was added NaBH₄ (2.4 g, 63 mmol, 2 eq.). The reaction was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was poured into diethyl ether and water. The organic layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to give a white solid (8.7 g, 98%). This material was directly used in the next step without additional purification. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.65 (s, Boc, 9H); 4.80 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.21 (dd, 1H); 7.53 (m, 2H); 8.16 (bs, 1H).

Tert-butyl 3-(bromomethyl)-6-chloro-1H-indole-1-carboxylate, 3. To a solution of compound 2 (4.1 g, 14.6 mmol, 1 eq.) in dichloromethane (50 mL) under argon was added a solution of triphenylphosphine (4.59 g, 17.5 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at −40° C. The reaction solution was stirred an additional 30 min at 40° C. Then NBS (3.38 g, 19 mmol, 1.3 eq.) was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. Dichloromethane was evaporated, Carbon Tetrachloride (100 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h and filtrated. The filtrate was concentrated, loaded in a silica plug and quickly eluted with 25% EtOAc in Hexanes. The solution was concentrated to give a white foam (3.84 g, 77%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.66 (s, Boc, 9H); 4.63 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.28 (dd, 1H); 7.57 (d, 1H); 7.64 (bs, 1H); 8.18 (bs, 1H).

αMe-6Cl-Trp(Boc)-Ni—S-BPB, 4. To S-Ala-Ni—S-BPB (2.66 g, 5.2 mmol, 1 eq.) and KO-tBu (0.87 g, 7.8 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added 50 mL of DMF under argon. The bromide derivative compound 3 (2.68 g, 7.8 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in solution of DMF (5.0 mL) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. The solution was then quenched with 5% aqueous acetic acid and diluted with water. The desired product was extracted in dichloromethane, dried and concentrated. The oily product 4 was purified by flash chromatography (solid loading) on normal phase using EtOAc and Hexanes as eluents to give a red solid (1.78 g, 45% yield). αMe-6Cl-Trp(Boc)-Ni—S-BPB, 4: M+H calc. 775.21, M+H obs. 775.26; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.23 (s, 3H, αMe); 1.56 (m, 11H, Boc+CH₂); 1.82-2.20 (m, 4H, 2CH₂); 3.03 (m, 1H, CH_(α)); 3.24 (m, 2H, CH₂); 3.57 and 4.29 (AB system, 2H, CH₂ (benzyl), J=12.8 Hz); 6.62 (d, 2H); 6.98 (d, 1H); 7.14 (m, 2H); 7.23 (m, 1H); 7.32-7.36 (m, 5H); 7.50 (m, 2H); 7.67 (bs, 1H); 7.98 (d, 2H); 8.27 (m, 2H).

Fmoc-αMe-6Cl-Trp(Boc)-OH, 6. To a solution of 3N HCl/MeOH (1/3, 15 mL) at 50° C. was added a solution of compound 4 (1.75 g, 2.3 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (5 ml) dropwise. The starting material disappeared within 3-4 h. The acidic solution was then cooled to 0° C. with an ice bath and quenched with an aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃ (1.21 g, 11.5 mmol, 5 eq.). Methanol was removed and 8 more equivalents of Na₂CO₃ (1.95 g, 18.4 mmol) were added to the suspension. The Nickel scavenging EDTA disodium salt dihydrate (1.68 g, 4.5 mmol, 2 eq.) was then added and the suspension was stirred for 2 h. A solution of Fmoc-OSu (0.84 g, 2.5 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in acetone (50 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight. Afterwards, the reaction was diluted with diethyl ether and 1N HCl. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The desired product 6 was purified on normal phase using acetone and dichloromethane as eluents to give a white foam (0.9 g, 70% yield). Fmoc-αMe-6Cl-Trp(Boc)-OH, 6: M+H calc. 575.19, M+H obs. 575.37; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 1.59 (s, 9H, Boc); 1.68 (s, 3H, Me); 3.48 (bs, 2H, CH₂); 4.22 (m, 1H, CH); 4.39 (bs, 2H, CH₂); 5.47 (s, 1H, NH); 7.10 (m, 1H); 7.18 (m, 2H); 7.27 (m, 2H); 7.39 (m, 2H); 7.50 (m, 2H); 7.75 (d, 2H); 8.12 (bs, 1H).

6Cl-Trp(Boc)-Ni—S-BPB, 5. To Gly-Ni—S-BPB (4.6 g, 9.2 mmol, 1 eq.) and KO-tBu (1.14 g, 10.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.) was added 95 mL of DMF under argon. The bromide derivative compound 3 (3.5 g, 4.6 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in solution of DMF (10 mL) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. The solution was then quenched with 5% aqueous acetic acid and diluted with water. The desired product was extracted in dichloromethane, dried and concentrated. The oily product 5 was purified by flash chromatography (solid loading) on normal phase using EtOAc and Hexanes as eluents to give a red solid (5 g, 71% yield). 6Cl-Trp(Boc)-Ni—S-BPB, 5: M+H calc. 761.20, M+H obs. 761.34; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.58 (m, 11H, Boc+CH₂); 1.84 (m, 1H); 1.96 (m, 1H); 2.24 (m, 2H, CH₂); 3.00 (m, 1H, CH_(α)); 3.22 (m, 2H, CH₂); 3.45 and 4.25 (AB system, 2H, CH₂ (benzyl), J=12.8 Hz); 4.27 (m, 1H, CH_(α)); 6.65 (d, 2H); 6.88 (d, 1H); 7.07 (m, 2H); 7.14 (m, 2H); 7.28 (m, 3H); 7.35-7.39 (m, 2H); 7.52 (m, 2H); 7.96 (d, 2H); 8.28 (m, 2H).

Fmoc-6Cl-Trp(Boc)-OH, 7. To a solution of 3N HCl/MeOH (1/3, 44 mL) at 50° C. was added a solution of compound 5 (5 g, 6.6 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (10 ml) dropwise. The starting material disappeared within 3-4 h. The acidic solution was then cooled to 0° C. with an ice bath and quenched with an aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃ (3.48 g, 33 mmol, 5 eq.). Methanol was removed and 8 more equivalents of Na₂CO₃ (5.57 g, 52 mmol) were added to the suspension. The Nickel scavenging EDTA disodium salt dihydrate (4.89 g, 13.1 mmol, 2 eq.) and the suspension was stirred for 2 h. A solution of Fmoc-OSu (2.21 g, 6.55 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in acetone (100 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight. Afterwards, the reaction was diluted with diethyl ether and 1N HCl. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The desired product 7 was purified on normal phase using acetone and dichloromethane as eluents to give a white foam (2.6 g, 69% yield). Fmoc-6Cl-Trp(Boc)-OH, 7: M+H calc. 561.17, M+H obs. 561.37; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 1.63 (s, 9H, Boc); 3.26 (m, 2H, CH₂); 4.19 (m, 1H, CH); 4.39 (m, 2H, CH₂); 4.76 (m, 1H); 5.35 (d, 1H, NH); 7.18 (m, 2H); 7.28 (m, 2H); 7.39 (m, 3H); 7.50 (m, 2H); 7.75 (d, 2H); 8.14 (bs, 1H).

Example 2 Peptidomimetic Macrocycles of the Invention

Peptidomimetic macrocycles were synthesized, purified and analyzed as previously described and as described below (Schafmeister et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:5891-5892 (2000); Schafmeister & Verdine, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:5891 (2005); Walensky et al., Science 305:1466-1470 (2004); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,192,713). Peptidomimetic macrocycles were designed by replacing two or more naturally occurring amino acids with the corresponding synthetic amino acids. Substitutions were made at i and i+4, and i and i+7 positions. Peptide synthesis was performed either manually or on an automated peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, model 433A), using solid phase conditions, rink amide AM resin (Novabiochem), and Fmoc main-chain protecting group chemistry. For the coupling of natural Fmoc-protected amino acids (Novabiochem), 10 equivalents of amino acid and a 1:1:2 molar ratio of coupling reagents HBTU/HOBt (Novabiochem)/DIEA were employed. Non-natural amino acids (4 equiv) were coupled with a 1:1:2 molar ratio of HATU (Applied Biosystems)/HOBt/DIEA. The N-termini of the synthetic peptides were acetylated, while the C-termini were amidated.

Purification of cross-linked compounds was achieved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Varian ProStar) on a reverse phase C18 column (Varian) to yield the pure compounds. Chemical composition of the pure products was confirmed by LC/MS mass spectrometry (Micromass LCT interfaced with Agilent 1100 HPLC system) and amino acid analysis (Applied Biosystems, model 420A).

Table 4 shows a list of peptidomimetic macrocycles of the invention prepared.

TABLE 4 SEQ ID Exact Observed NO: SP Seq Mass M + 2 mass (m/e)  38 SP-1 Ac-LSQETF$r8DLWKLL$EN-NH₂ 2068.13 1035.07 1035.36  39 SP-2 Ac-LSQETF$r8NLWKLL$QN-NH₂ 2066.16 1034.08 1034.31  40 SP-3 Ac-LSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2093.18 1047.59 1047.73  41 SP-4 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWKLL$QN-NH₂ 2080.15 1041.08 1041.31  42 SP-5 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2108.15 1055.08 1055.32  43 SP-6 Ac-QSQQTA$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2032.12 1017.06 1017.24  44 SP-7 Ac-QAibQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2106.17 1054.09 1054.34  45 SP-8 Ac-QSQQTFSNLWRLLPQN-NH₂ 2000.02 1001.01 1001.26  46 SP-9 Ac-QSQQTF$/r8NLWRLL$/QN-NH₂ 2136.18 1069.09 1069.37  47 SP-10 Ac-QSQAibTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2065.15 1033.58 1033.71  48 SP-11 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$AN-NH₂ 2051.13 1026.57 1026.70  49 SP-12 Ac-ASQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2051.13 1026.57 1026.90  50 SP-13 Ac-QSQQTF$r8ALWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2065.15 1033.58 1033.41  51 SP-14 Ac-QSQETF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2109.14 1055.57 1055.70  52 SP-15 Ac-RSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2136.20 1069.10 1069.17  53 SP-16 Ac-RSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$EN-NH₂ 2137.18 1069.59 1069.75  54 SP-17 Ac-LSQETFSDLWKLLPEN-NH₂ 1959.99 981.00 981.24  55 SP-18 Ac-QSQ$TFS$LWRLLPQN-NH₂ 2008.09 1005.05 1004.97  56 SP-19 Ac-QSQQ$FSN$WRLLPQN-NH₂ 2036.06 1019.03 1018.86  57 SP-20 Ac-QSQQT$SNL$RLLPQN-NH₂ 1917.04 959.52 959.32  58 SP-21 Ac-QSQQTF$NLW$LLPQN-NH₂ 2007.06 1004.53 1004.97  59 SP-22 Ac-RTQATF$r8NQWAibANle$TNAibTR-NH₂ 2310.26 1156.13 1156.52  60 SP-23 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$RN-NH₂ 2136.20 1069.10 1068.94  61 SP-24 Ac-QSQRTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2136.20 1069.10 1068.94  62 SP-25 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NNleWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2108.15 1055.08 1055.44  63 SP-26 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRNleL$QN-NH₂ 2108.15 1055.08 1055.84  64 SP-27 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLNle$QN-NH₂ 2108.15 1055.08 1055.12  65 SP-28 Ac-QSQQTY$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2124.15 1063.08 1062.92  66 SP-29 Ac-RAibQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2134.22 1068.11 1068.65  67 SP-30 Ac-MPRFMDYWEGLN-NH₂ 1598.70 800.35 800.45  68 SP-31 Ac-RSQQRF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2191.25 1096.63 1096.83  69 SP-32 Ac-QSQQRF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2163.21 1082.61 1082.87  70 SP-33 Ac-RAibQQRF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2189.27 1095.64 1096.37  71 SP-34 Ac-RSQQRF$r8NFWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2225.23 1113.62 1114.37  72 SP-35 Ac-RSQQRF$r8NYWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2241.23 1121.62 1122.37  73 SP-36 Ac-RSQQTF$r8NLWQLL$QN-NH₂ 2108.15 1055.08 1055.29  74 SP-37 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWQAmlL$QN-NH₂ 2094.13 1048.07 1048.32  75 SP-38 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NAmlWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2122.17 1062.09 1062.35  76 SP-39 Ac-NlePRF$r8DYWEGL$QN-NH₂ 1869.98 935.99 936.20  77 SP-40 Ac-NlePRF$r8NYWRLL$QN-NH₂ 1952.12 977.06 977.35  78 SP-41 Ac-RF$r8NLWRLL$Q-NH₂ 1577.96 789.98 790.18  79 SP-42 Ac-QSQQTF$r8N2ffWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2160.13 1081.07 1081.40  80 SP-43 Ac-QSQQTF$r8N3ffWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2160.13 1081.07 1081.34  81 SP-44 Ac-QSQQTF#r8NLWRLL#QN-NH₂ 2080.12 1041.06 1041.34  82 SP-45 Ac-RSQQTA$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2060.16 1031.08 1031.38  83 SP-46 Ac-QSQQTF%r8NLWRLL%QN-NH₂ 2110.17 1056.09 1056.55  84 SP-47 HepQSQ$TFSNLWRLLPQN-NH₂ 2051.10 1026.55 1026.82  85 SP-48 HepQSQ$TF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2159.23 1080.62 1080.89  86 SP-49 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NL6clWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2142.11 1072.06 1072.35  87 SP-50 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLMe6clwRLL$QN-NH₂ 2156.13 1079.07 1079.27  88 SP-51 Ac-LTFEHYWAQLTS-NH₂ 1535.74 768.87 768.91  89 SP-52 Ac-LTF$HYW$QLTS-NH₂ 1585.83 793.92 794.17  90 SP-53 Ac-LTFE$YWA$LTS-NH₂ 1520.79 761.40 761.67  91 SP-54 Ac-LTF$zr8HYWAQL$zS-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.06  92 SP-55 Ac-LTF$r8HYWRQL$S-NH₂ 1682.93 842.47 842.72  93 SP-56 Ac-QS$QTFStNLWRLL$s8QN-NH₂ 2145.21 1073.61 1073.90  94 SP-57 Ac-QSQQTASNLWRLLPQN-NH₂ 1923.99 963.00 963.26  95 SP-58 Ac-QSQQTA$/r8NLWRLL$/QN-NH₂ 2060.15 1031.08 1031.24  96 SP-59 Ac-ASQQTF$/r8NLWRLL$/QN-NH₂ 2079.16 1040.58 1040.89  97 SP-60 Ac-$SQQ$FSNLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2009.09 1005.55 1005.86  98 SP-61 Ac-QS$QTF$NLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2023.10 1012.55 1012.79  99 SP-62 Ac-QSQQ$FSN$WRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2024.06 1013.03 1013.31 100 SP-63 Ac-QSQQTF$NLW$LLAibQN-NH₂ 1995.06 998.53 998.87 101 SP-64 Ac-QSQQTFS$LWR$LAibQN-NH₂ 2011.06 1006.53 1006.83 102 SP-65 Ac-QSQQTFSNLW$LLA$N-NH₂ 1940.02 971.01 971.29 103 SP-66 Ac-$/SQQ$/FSNLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2037.12 1019.56 1019.78 104 SP-67 Ac-QS$/QTF$/NLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2051.13 1026.57 1026.90 105 SP-68 Ac-QSQQ$/FSN$/WRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2052.09 1027.05 1027.36 106 SP-69 Ac-QSQQTF$/NLW$/LLAibQN-NH₂ 2023.09 1012.55 1013.82 107 SP-70 Ac-QSQ$TFS$LWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 1996.09 999.05 999.39 108 SP-71 Ac-QSQ$/TFS$LWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2024.12 1013.06 1013.37 109 SP-72 Ac-QS$/QTFSt//NLWRLL$/s8QN-NH₂ 2201.27 1101.64 1102.00 110 SP-73 Ac-$r8SQQTFS$LWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2038.14 1020.07 1020.23 111 SP-74 Ac-QSQ$r8TFSNLW$LLAibQN-NH₂ 1996.08 999.04 999.32 112 SP-75 Ac-QSQQTFS$r8LWRLLA$N-NH₂ 2024.12 1013.06 1013.37 113 SP-76 Ac-QS$r5QTFStNLW$LLAibQN-NH₂ 2032.12 1017.06 1017.39 114 SP-77 Ac-$/r8SOQTFS$/LWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2066.17 1034.09 1034.80 115 SP-78 Ac-QSQ$/r8TFSNLW$/LLAibQN-NH₂ 2024.11 1013.06 1014.34 116 SP-79 Ac-QSQQTFS$/rXLWRLLA$/N-NH₂ 2052.15 1027.08 1027.16 117 SP-80 Ac-QS$/r5QTFSt/NLW$LLAibQN-NH₂ 2088.18 1045.09 1047.10 118 SP-81 Ac-QSQQTFSNLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 1988.02 995.01 995.31 119 SP-82 Hep/QSQv/TF$/r8NLWRLL$/QN-NH₂ 2215.29 1108.65 1108.93 120 SP-83 Ac-ASQQTF$r8NLRWLL$QN-NH₂ 2051.13 1026.57 1026.90 121 SP-84 Ac-QSQQTF$/r8NLWRLL$/Q-NH₂ 2022.14 1012.07 1012.66 122 SP-85 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$Q-NH₂ 1994.11 998.06 998.42 123 SP-86 Ac-AAARAA$r8AAARAA$AA-NH₂ 1515.90 758.95 759.21 124 SP-87 Ac-LTFEHYWAQLTSA-NH₂ 1606.78 804.39 804.59 125 SP-88 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$SA-NH₂ 1668.90 835.45 835.67 126 SP-89 Ac-ASQQTFSNLWRLLPQN-NH₂ 1943.00 972.50 973.27 127 SP-90 Ac-QS$QTFStNLW$r5LLAibQN-NH₂ 2032.12 1017.06 1017.30 128 SP-91 Ac-QSQQTFAibNLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 1986.04 994.02 994.19 129 SP-92 Ac-QSQQTFNleNLWRLLNleQN-NH₂ 2042.11 1022.06 1022.23 130 SP-93 Ac-QSQQTF$/r8NLWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2082.14 1042.07 1042.23 131 SP-94 Ac-QSQQTF$/r8NLWRLLNleQN-NH₂ 2110.17 1056.09 1056.29 132 SP-95 Ac-QSQQTFAibNLWRLL$/QN-NH₂ 2040.09 1021.05 1021.25 133 SP-96 Ac-QSQQTFNleNLWRLL$/QN-NH₂ 2068.12 1035.06 1035.31 134 SP-97 Ac-QSQQTF%r8NL6clWRNleL%QN-NH₂ 2144.13 1073.07 1073.32 135 SP-98 Ac-QSQQTF%r8NLMe6clWRLL%QN-NH₂ 2158.15 1080.08 1080.31 136 SP-101 Ac-FNle$YWE$L-NH₂ 1160.63 - 1161.70 137 SP-102 Ac-F$r8AYWELL$A-NH₂ 1344.75 - 1345.90 138 SP-103 Ac-F$r8AYWQLL$A-NH₂ 1343.76 - 1344.83 139 SP-104 Ac-NlePRF$r8NYWELL$QN-NH₂ 1925.06 963.53 963.69 140 SP-105 Ac-NlePRF$r8DYWRLL$QN-NH₂ 1953.10 977.55 977.68 141 SP-106 Ac-NlePRF$r8NYWRLL$Q-NH₂ 1838.07 920.04 920.18 142 SP-107 Ac-NlePRF$r8NYWRLL$-NH₂ 1710.01 856.01 856.13 143 SP-108 Ac-QSQQTF$r8DLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2109.14 1055.57 1055.64 144 SP-109 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$EN-NH₂ 2109.14 1055.57 1055.70 145 SP-110 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QD-NH₂ 2109.14 1055.57 1055.64 146 SP-111 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$S-NH₂ 1953.08 977.54 977.60 147 SP-112 Ac-ESQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2109.14 1055.57 1055.70 148 SP-113 Ac-LTF$r8NLWRNleL$Q-NH₂ 1635.99 819.00 819.10 149 SP-114 Ac-LRF$r8NLWRNleL$Q-NH₂ 1691.04 846.52 846.68 150 SP-115 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NWWRNleL$QN-NH₂ 2181.15 1091.58 1091.64 151 SP-116 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWRNleL$Q-NH₂ 1994.11 998.06 998.07 152 SP-117 Ac-QTF$r8NLWRNleL$QN-NH₂ 1765.00 883.50 883.59 153 SP-118 Ac-NlePRF$r8NWWRLL$QN-NH₂ 1975.13 988.57 988.75 154 SP-119 Ac-NlePRF$r8NWWRLL$A-NH₂ 1804.07 903.04 903.08 155 SP-120 Ac-TSFAEYWNLLSP-NH₂ 1467.70 734.85 734.90 156 SP-121 Ac-QTF$r8HWWSQL$S-NH₂ 1651.85 826.93 827.12 157 SP-122 Ac-FM$YWE$L-NH₂ 1178.58 - 1179.64 158 SP-123 Ac-QTFEHWWSQLLS-NH₂ 1601.76 801.88 801.94 159 SP-124 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLAmwRLNle$QN-NH₂ 2122.17 1062.09 1062.24 160 SP-125 Ac-FMAibY6clWEAc3cL-NH₂ 1130.47 - 1131.53 161 SP-126 Ac-FNle$Y6clWE$L-NH₂ 1194.59 - 1195.64 162 SP-127 Ac-F$zr8AY6clWEAc3cL$z-NH₂ 1277.63 639.82 1278.71 163 SP-128 Ac-F$r8AY6clWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1348.66 - 1350.72 164 SP-129 Ac-NlePRF$r8NY6clWRLL$QN-NH₂ 1986.08 994.04 994.64 165 SP-130 Ac-AF$r8AAWALA$A-NH₂ 1223.71 - 1224.71 166 SP-131 Ac-TF$r8AAWRLA$Q-NH₂ 1395.80 698.90 399.04 167 SP-132 Pr-TF$r8AAWRLA$Q-NH₂ 1409.82 705.91 706.04 168 SP-133 Ac-QSQQTF%r8NLWRNleL%QN-NH₂ 2110.17 1056.09 1056.22 169 SP-134 Ac-LTF%r8HYWAQL%SA-NH₂ 1670.92 836.46 836.58 170 SP-135 Ac-NlePRF%r8NYWRLL%QN-NH₂ 1954.13 978.07 978.19 171 SP-136 Ac-NlePRF%r8NY6clWRLL%QN-NH₂ 1988.09 995.05 995.68 172 SP-137 Ac-LTF%r8HY6clWAQL%S-NH₂ 1633.84 817.92 817.93 173 SP-138 Ac-QS%QTF%StNLWRLL%s8QN-NH₂ 2149.24 1075.62 1075.65 174 SP-139 Ac-LTF%r8HY6clWRQL%S-NH₂ 1718.91  860.46 860.54 175 SP-140 Ac-QSQQTF%r8NL6clWRLL%QN-NH₂ 2144.13 1073.07 1073.64 176 SP-141 Ac-%r8SQQTFS%LWRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2040.15 1021.08 1021.13 177 SP-142 Ac-LTF%r8HYWAQL%S-NH₂ 1599.88 800.94  801.09 178 SP-143 Ac-TSF%r8QYWNLL%P-NH₂ 1602.88 802.44  802.58 179 SP-147 Ac-LTFEHYWAQLTS-NH2 1535.74 768.87 769.5 180 SP-152 Ac-F$er8AY6clWEAc3cL$e-NH₂ 1277.63 639.82  1278.71 181 SP-153 Ac-AF$r8AAWALA$A-NH₂ 1277.63 639.82  1277.84 182 SP-154 Ac-TF$r8AAWRLA$Q-NH₂ 1395.80 698.90 699.04 183 SP-155 Pr-TF$r8AAWRLA$Q-NH₂ 1409.82 705.91 706.04 184 SP-156 Ac-LTF$er8HYWAQL$eS-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.44 185 SP-159 Ac-CCPGCCBaQSQQTF$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2745.30 1373.65 1372.99 186 SP-160 Ac-CCPGCCBaQSQQTA$r8NLWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2669.27 1335.64 1336.09 187 SP-161 Ac-CCPGCCBaNlePRF$r8NYWRLL$QN-NH₂ 2589.26 1295.63 1296.2 188 SP-162 Ac-LTF$/r8HYWAQL$/S-NH₂ 1625.90 813.95 814.18 189 SP-163 Ac-F%r8HY6clWRAc3cL%-NH₂ 1372.72 687.36 687.59 190 SP-164 Ac-QTF%r8HWWSQL%S-NH₂ 1653.87 827.94 827.94 191 SP-165 Ac-LTA$r8HYWRQL$S-NH₂ 1606.90 804.45 804.66 192 SP-166 Ac-Q$r8QQTFSN$WRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2080.12 1041.06 1041.61 193 SP-167 Ac-QSQQ$r8FSNLWR$LAibQN-NH₂ 2066.11 1034.06 1034.58 194 SP-168 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1314.70 658.35 1315.88 195 SP-169 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$S-NH₂ 1330.70 666.35 1331.87 196 SP-170 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$Q-NH₂ 1371.72 686.86 1372.72 197 SP-171 Ac-F$r8AYWEAibL$S-NH₂ 1332.71 667.36 1334.83 198 SP-172 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$S-NH₂ 1318.70 660.35 1319.73 199 SP-173 Ac-F$r8AYWEQL$S-NH₂ 1375.72 688.86 1377.53 200 SP-174 Ac-F$r8HYWEQL$S-NH₂ 1441.74 721.87 1443.48 201 SP-175 Ac-F$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1383.73 692.87 1385.38 202 SP-176 Ac-F$r8HYWAAc3cL$S-NH₂ 1338.71 670.36 1340.82 203 SP-177 Ac-F$r8HYWRAc3cL$S-NH₂ 1423.78 712.89 713.04 204 SP-178 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL#A-NH₂ 1300.69 651.35 1302.78 205 SP-179 Ac-NlePTF%r8NYWRLL%QN-NH₂ 1899.08 950.54 950.56 206 SP-180 Ac-TF$r8AAWRAL$Q-NH₂ 1395.80 698.90 699.13 207 SP-181 Ac-TSF%r8HYWAQL%S-NH₂ 1573.83 787.92 787.98 208 SP-184 Ac-F%r8AY6clWEAc3cL%A-NH₂ 1350.68 676.34 676.91 209 SP-185 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQI$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.07 210 SP-186 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQNle$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.07 211 SP-187 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1581.87 791.94 792.45 212 SP-188 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$Abu-NH₂ 1595.89 798.95 799.03 213 SP-189 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAbuQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807.47 214 SP-190 Ac-LTF$er8AYWAQL$eS-NH₂ 1531.84 766.92 766.96 215 SP-191 Ac-LAF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1567.86 784.93 785.49 216 SP-192 Ac-LAF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1501.83 751.92 752.01 217 SP-193 Ac-LTF$er8AYWAQL$eA-NH₂ 1515.85 758.93 758.97 218 SP-194 Ac-LAF$r8AYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1485.84 743.92 744.05 219 SP-195 Ac-LTF$r8NLWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1550.92 776.46 776.61 220 SP-196 Ac-LTF$r8NLWANleL$A-NH₂ 1493.90 747.95 1495.6 221 SP-197 Ac-LTF$r8ALWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1507.92 754.96 755 222 SP-198 Ac-LAF$r8NLWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1520.91 761.46 761.96 223 SP-199 Ac-LAF$r8ALWANleL$A-NH₂ 1420.89 711.45 1421.74 224 SP-200 Ac-A$r8AYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1238.67 620.34 1239.65 225 SP-201 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AA-NH₂ 1385.74 693.87 1386.64 226 SP-202 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$Abu-NH₂ 1328.72 665.36 1330.17 227 SP-203 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$Nle-NH₂ 1356.75 679.38 1358.22 228 SP-204 Ac-F$r5AYWEAc3cL$s8A-NH₂ 1314.70 658.35 1315.51 229 SP-205 Ac-F$AYWEAc3cL$r8A-NH₂ 1314.70 658.35 1315.66 230 SP-206 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cI$A-NH₂ 1314.70 658.35 1316.18 231 SP-207 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cNle$A-NH₂ 1314.70 658.35 1315.66 232 SP-208 Ac-F$r8AYWEAmlL$A-NH₂ 1358.76 680.38 1360.21 233 SP-209 Ac-F$r8AYWENleL$A-NH₂ 1344.75 673.38 1345.71 234 SP-210 Ac-F$r8AYWQAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1313.72 657.86 1314.7 235 SP-211 Ac-F$r8AYWAAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1256.70 629.35 1257.56 236 SP-212 Ac-F$r8AYWAbuAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1270.71 636.36 1272.14 237 SP-213 Ac-F$r8AYWNleAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1298.74 650.37 1299.67 238 SP-214 Ac-F$r8AbuYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1328.72 665.36 1329.65 239 SP-215 Ac-F$r8NleYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1356.75 679.38 1358.66 240 SP-216 5-FAM-BaLTFEHYWAQLTS-NH₂ 1922.82 962.41 962.87 241 SP-217 5-FAM-BaLTF%r8HYWAQL%S-NH₂ 1986.96 994.48 994.97 242 SP-218 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807 243 SP-219 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQTle$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 799.97 244 SP-220 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQAdm$S-NH₂ 1675.91 838.96 839.09 245 SP-221 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQhCha$S-NH₂ 1651.91 826.96 826.98 246 SP-222 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQCha$S-NH₂ 1637.90 819.95 820.02 247 SP-223 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAc6cQL$S-NH₂ 1651.91 826.96 826.98 248 SP-224 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAc5cQL$S-NH₂ 1637.90 819.95 820.02 249 SP-225 Ac-LThF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807 250 SP-226 Ac-LTIgl$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1625.90 813.95 812.99 251 SP-227 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1623.88 812.94 812.99 252 SP-228 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQF$S-NH₂ 1631.85 816.93 816.99 253 SP-229 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQIgl$S-NH₂ 1659.88 830.94 829.94 254 SP-230 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1609.87 805.94 805.96 255 SP-231 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQCpg$S-NH₂ 1609.87 805.94 805.96 256 SP-232 Ac-LTF$r8HhYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807 257 SP-233 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3chL$A-NH₂ 1328.72 665.36 665.43 258 SP-234 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cTle$A-NH₂ 1314.70 658.35 1315.62 259 SP-235 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cAdm$A-NH₂ 1392.75 697.38 697.47 260 SP-236 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3chCha$A-NH₂ 1368.75 685.38 685.34 261 SP-237 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cCha$A-NH₂ 1354.73 678.37 678.38 262 SP-238 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc6cL$A-NH₂ 1356.75 679.38 679.42 263 SP-239 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc5cL$A-NH₂ 1342.73 672.37 672.46 264 SP-240 Ac-hF$r8AYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1328.72 665.36 665.43 265 SP-241 Ac-Igl$r8AYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1342.73 672.37 671.5 266 SP-243 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cF$A-NH₂ 1348.69 675.35 675.35 267 SP-244 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cIgl$A-NH₂ 1376.72 689.36 688.37 268 SP-245 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cCba$A-NH₂ 1326.70 664.35 664.47 269 SP-246 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cCpg$A-NH₂ 1326.70 664.35 664.39 270 SP-247 Ac-F$r8AhYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1328.72 665.36 665.43 271 SP-248 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$Q-NH₂ 1371.72 686.86 1372.87 272 SP-249 Ac-F$r8AYWEAibL$A-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 1318.18 273 SP-250 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$A-NH₂ 1302.70 652.35 1303.75 274 SP-251 Ac-LAF$r8AYWAAL$A-NH₂ 1428.82 715.41 715.49 275 SP-252 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAAc3cL$S-NH₂ 1552.84 777.42 777.5 276 SP-253 Ac-NleTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.04 277 SP-254 Ac-VTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1583.85 792.93 793.04 278 SP-255 Ac-FTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.85 816.93 817.02 279 SP-256 Ac-WTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1670.86 836.43 836.85 280 SP-257 Ac-RTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1640.88 821.44 821.9 281 SP-258 Ac-KTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1612.88 807.44 807.91 282 SP-259 Ac-LN1eF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1609.90 805.95 806.43 283 SP-260 Ac-LVF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1595.89 798.95 798.93 284 SP-261 Ac-LFF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1643.89 822.95 823.38 285 SP-262 Ac-LWF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1682.90 842.45 842.55 286 SP-263 Ac-LRF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1652.92 827.46 827.52 287 SP-264 Ac-LKF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1624.91 813.46 813.51 288 SP-265 Ac-LTF$r8NleYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1573.89 787.95 788.05 289 SP-266 Ac-LTF$r8VYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1559.88 780.94 780.98 290 SP-267 Ac-LTF$r8FYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1607.88 804.94 805.32 291 SP-268 Ac-LTF$r8WYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1646.89 824.45 824.86 292 SP-269 Ac-LTF$r8RYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1616.91 809.46 809.51 293 SP-270 Ac-LTF$r8KYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1588.90 795.45 795.48 294 SP-271 Ac-LTF$r8HNleWAQL$S-NH₂ 1547.89 774.95 774.98 295 SP-272 Ac-LTF$r8HVWAQL$S-NH₂ 1533.87 767.94 767.95 296 SP-273 Ac-LTF$r8HFWAQL$S-NH₂ 1581.87 791.94 792.3 297 SP-274 Ac-LTF$r8HWWAQL$S-NH₂ 1620.88 811.44 811.54 298 SP-275 Ac-LTF$r8HRWAQL$S-NH₂ 1590.90 796.45 796.52 299 SP-276 Ac-LTF$r8HKWAQL$S-NH₂ 1562.90 782.45 782.53 300 SP-277 Ac-LTF$r8HYWNleQL$S-NH₂ 1639.91 820.96 820.98 301 SP-278 Ac-LTF$r8HYWVQL$S-NH₂ 1625.90 813.95 814.03 302 SP-279 Ac-LTF$r8HYWFQL$S-NH₂ 1673.90 837.95 838.03 303 SP-280 Ac-LTF$r8HYWWQL$S-NH₂ 1712.91 857.46 857.5 304 SP-281 Ac-LTF$r8HYWKQL$S-NH₂ 1654.92 828.46 828.49 305 SP-282 Ac-LTF$r8HYWANleL$S-NH₂ 1582.89 792.45 792.52 306 SP-283 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAVL$S-NH₂ 1568.88 785.44 785.49 307 SP-284 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAFL$S-NH₂ 1616.88 809.44 809.47 308 SP-285 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAWL$S-NH₂ 1655.89 828.95 829 309 SP-286 Ac-LTF$r8HYWARL$S-NH₂ 1625.91 813.96 813.98 310 SP-287 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$Nle-NH₂ 1623.92 812.96 813.39 311 SP-288 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$V-NH₂ 1609.90 805.95 805.99 312 SP-289 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$F-NH₂ 1657.90 829.95 830.26 313 SP-290 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$W-NH₂ 1696.91 849.46 849.5 314 SP-291 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$R-NH₂ 1666.94 834.47 834.56 315 SP-292 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$K-NH₂ 1638.93 820.47 820.49 316 SP-293 Ac-Q$r8QQTFSN$WRLLAibQN-NH₂ 2080.12 1041.06 1041.54 317 SP-294 Ac-QSQQ$r8FSNLWR$LAibQN-NH₂ 2066.11 1034.06 1034.58 318 SP-295 Ac-LT2Pal$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1598.86 800.43 800.49 319 SP-296 Ac-LT3Pal$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1598.86 800.43 800.49 320 SP-297 Ac-LT4Pal$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1598.86 800.43 800.49 321 SP-298 Ac-LTF2CF3$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1665.85 833.93 834.01 322 SP-299 Ac-LTF2CN$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1622.86 812.43 812.47 323 SP-300 Ac-LTF2Me$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807 324 SP-301 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.83 816.92 816.99 325 SP-302 Ac-LTF4CF3$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1665.85 833.93 833.94 326 SP-303 Ac-LTF4tBu$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1653.93 827.97 828.02 327 SP-304 Ac-LTF5F$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1687.82 844.91 844.96 328 SP-305 Ac-LTF$r8HY3BthAAQL$S-NH₂ 1614.83 808.42 808.48 329 SP-306 Ac-LTF2Br$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1675.78 838.89 838.97 330 SP-307 Ac-LTF4Br$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1675.78 838.89 839.86 331 SP-308 Ac-LTF2Cl$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.83 816.92 816.99 332 SP-309 Ac-LTF4Cl$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.83 816.92 817.36 333 SP-310 Ac-LTF3CN$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1622.86 812.43 812.47 334 SP-311 Ac-LTF4CN$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1622.86 812.43 812.47 335 SP-312 Ac-LTF34Cl2$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1665.79 833.90 833.94 336 SP-313 Ac-LTF34F2$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1633.85 817.93 817.95 337 SP-314 Ac-LTF35F2$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1633.85 817.93 817.95 338 SP-315 Ac-LTDip$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1673.90 837.95 838.01 339 SP-316 Ac-LTF2F$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1615.86 808.93 809 340 SP-317 Ac-LTF3F$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1615.86 808.93 809 341 SP-318 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1615.86 808.93 809 342 SP-319 Ac-LTF4I$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1723.76 862.88 862.94 343 SP-320 Ac-LTF3Me$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807.07 344 SP-321 Ac-LTF4Me$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807 345 SP-322 Ac-LT1Na1$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1647.88 824.94 824.98 346 SP-323 Ac-LT2Na1$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1647.88 824.94 825.06 347 SP-324 Ac-LTF3CF3$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1665.85 833.93 834.01 348 SP-325 Ac-LTF4NO2$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1642.85 822.43 822.46 349 SP-326 Ac-LTF3NO2$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1642.85 822.43 822.46 350 SP-327 Ac-LTF$r82ThiYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1613.83 807.92 807.96 351 SP-328 Ac-LTF$r8HBipWAQL$S-NH₂ 1657.90 829.95 830.01 352 SP-329 Ac-LTF$r8HF4tBuWAQL$S-NH₂ 1637.93 819.97 820.02 353 SP-330 Ac-LTF$r8HF4CF3WAQL$S-NH₂ 1649.86 825.93 826.02 354 SP-331 Ac-LTF$r8HF4CIWAQL$S-NH₂ 1615.83 808.92 809.37 355 SP-332 Ac-LTF$r8HF4MeWAQL$S-NH₂ 1595.89 798.95 799.01 356 SP-333 Ac-LTF$r8HF4BrWAQL$S-NH₂ 1659.78 830.89 830.98 357 SP-334 Ac-LTF$r8HF4CNWAQL$S-NH₂ 1606.87 804.44 804.56 358 SP-335 Ac-LTF$r8HF4NO2WAQL$S-NH₂ 1626.86 814.43 814.55 359 SP-336 Ac-LTF$r8H1NaIWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.89 816.95 817.06 360 SP-337 Ac-LTF$r8H2NaIWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.89 816.95 816.99 361 SP-338 Ac-LTF$r8HWAQL$S-NH₂ 1434.80 718.40 718.49 362 SP-339 Ac-LTF$r8HY1NalAQL$S-NH₂ 1608.87 805.44 805.52 363 SP-340 Ac-LTF$r8HY2NalAQL$S-NH₂ 1608.87 805.44 805.52 364 SP-341 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQI$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.07 365 SP-342 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQNle$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.44 366 SP-343 Ac-LTF$er8HYWAQL$eA-NH₂ 1581.87 791.94 791.98 367 SP-344 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$Abu-NH₂ 1595.89 798.95 799.03 368 SP-345 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAbuQL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 804.47 369 SP-346 Ac-LAF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1567.86 784.93 785.49 370 SP-347 Ac-LTF$r8NLWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1550.92 776.46 777.5 371 SP-348 Ac-LTF$r8ALWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1507.92 754.96 755.52 372 SP-349 Ac-LAF$r8NLWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1520.91 761.46 762.48 373 SP-350 Ac-F$r8AYWAAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1256.70 629.35 1257.56 374 SP-351 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAAL$S-NH₂ 1474.82 738.41 738.55 375 SP-352 Ac-LVF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1529.87 765.94 766 376 SP-353 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAbuQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 773.92 377 SP-354 Ac-LTF$r8AYWNleQL$S-NH₂ 1573.89 787.95 788.17 378 SP-355 Ac-LTF$r8AbuYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 773.99 379 SP-356 Ac-LTF$r8AYWHQL$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 799.97 380 SP-357 Ac-LTF$r8AYWKQL$S-NH₂ 1588.90 795.45 795.53 381 SP-358 Ac-LTF$r8AYWOQL$S-NH₂ 1574.89 788.45 788.5 382 SP-359 Ac-LTF$r8AYWRQL$S-NH₂ 1616.91 809.46 809.51 383 SP-360 Ac-LTF$r8AYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1547.84 774.92 774.96 384 SP-361 Ac-LTF$r8AYWRAL$S-NH₂ 1559.89 780.95 780.95 385 SP-362 Ac-LTF$r8AYWRQL$A-NH₂ 1600.91 801.46 801.52 386 SP-363 Ac-LTF$r8AYWRAL$A-NH₂ 1543.89 772.95 773.03 387 SP-364 Ac-LTF$r5HYWAQL$s8S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 799.97 388 SP-365 Ac-LTF$HYWAQL$r8S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 799.97 389 SP-366 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAAL$S-NH₂ 1540.84 771.42 771.48 390 SP-367 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAAbuL$S-NH₂ 1554.86 778.43 778.51 391 SP-368 Ac-LTF$r8HYWALL$S-NH₂ 1582.89 792.45 792.49 392 SP-369 Ac-F$r8AYWHAL$A-NH₂ 1310.72 656.36 656.4 393 SP-370 Ac-F$r8AYWAAL$A-NH₂ 1244.70 623.35 1245.61 394 SP-371 Ac-F$r8AYWSAL$A-NH₂ 1260.69 631.35 1261.6 395 SP-372 Ac-F$r8AYWRAL$A-NH₂ 1329.76 665.88 1330.72 396 SP-373 Ac-F$r8AYWKAL$A-NH₂ 1301.75 651.88 1302.67 397 SP-374 Ac-F$r8AYWOAL$A-NH₂ 1287.74 644.87 1289.13 398 SP-375 Ac-F$r8VYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1342.73 672.37 1343.67 399 SP-376 Ac-F$r8FYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1390.73 696.37 1392.14 400 SP-377 Ac-F$r8WYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1429.74 715.87 1431.44 401 SP-378 Ac-F$r8RYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1399.77 700.89 700.95 402 SP-379 Ac-F$r8KYWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1371.76 686.88 686.97 403 SP-380 Ac-F$r8ANleWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1264.72 633.36 1265.59 404 SP-381 Ac-F$r8AVWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1250.71 626.36 1252.2 405 SP-382 Ac-F$r8AFWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1298.71 650.36 1299.64 406 SP-383 Ac-F$r8AWWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1337.72 669.86 1338.64 407 SP-384 Ac-F$r8ARWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1307.74 654.87 655 408 SP-385 Ac-F$r8AKWEAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1279.73 640.87 641.01 409 SP-386 Ac-F$r8AYWVAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1284.73 643.37 643.38 410 SP-387 Ac-F$r8AYWFAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1332.73 667.37 667.43 411 SP-388 Ac-F$r8AYWWAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1371.74 686.87 686.97 412 SP-389 Ac-F$r8AYWRAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1341.76 671.88 671.94 413 SP-390 Ac-F$r8AYWKAc3cL$A-NH₂ 1313.75 657.88 657.88 414 SP-391 Ac-F$r8AYWEVL$A-NH₂ 1330.73 666.37 666.47 415 SP-392 Ac-F$r8AYWEFL$A-NH₂ 1378.73 690.37 690.44 416 SP-393 Ac-F$r8AYWEWL$A-NH₂ 1417.74 709.87 709.91 417 SP-394 Ac-F$r8AYWERL$A-NH₂ 1387.77 694.89 1388.66 418 SP-395 Ac-F$r8AYWEKL$A-NH₂ 1359.76 680.88 1361.21 419 SP-396 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$V-NH₂ 1342.73 672.37 1343.59 420 SP-397 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$F-NH₂ 1390.73 696.37 1392.58 421 SP-398 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$W-NH₂ 1429.74 715.87 1431.29 422 SP-399 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$R-NH₂ 1399.77 700.89 700.95 423 SP-400 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$K-NH₂ 1371.76 686.88 686.97 424 SP-401 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AV-NH₂ 1413.77 707.89 707.91 425 SP-402 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AF-NH₂ 1461.77 731.89 731.96 426 SP-403 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AW-NH₂ 1500.78 751.39 751.5 427 SP-404 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AR-NH₂ 1470.80 736.40 736.47 428 SP-405 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AK-NH₂ 1442.80 722.40 722.41 429 SP-406 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AH-NH₂ 1451.76 726.88 726.93 430 SP-407 Ac-LTF2NO2$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1642.85 822.43 822.54 431 SP-408 Ac-LTA$r8HYAAQL$S-NH₂ 1406.79 704.40 704.5 432 SP-409 Ac-LTF$r8HYAAQL$S-NH₂ 1482.82 742.41 742.47 433 SP-410 Ac-QSQQTF$r8NLWALL$AN-NH₂ 1966.07 984.04 984.38 434 SP-411 Ac-QAibQQTF$r8NLWALL$AN-NH₂ 1964.09 983.05 983.42 435 SP-412 Ac-QAibQQTF$r8ALWALL$AN-NH₂ 1921.08 961.54 961.59 436 SP-413 Ac-AAAATF$r8AAWAAL$AA-NH₂ 1608.90 805.45 805.52 437 SP-414 Ac-F$r8AAWRAL$Q-NH₂ 1294.76 648.38 648.48 438 SP-415 Ac-TF$r8AAWAAL$Q-NH₂ 1310.74 656.37 1311.62 439 SP-416 Ac-TF$r8AAWRAL$A-NH₂ 1338.78 670.39 670.46 440 SP-417 Ac-VF$r8AAWRAL$Q-NH₂ 1393.82 697.91 697.99 441 SP-418 Ac-AF$r8AAWAAL$A-NH₂ 1223.71 612.86 1224.67 442 SP-420 Ac-TF$r8AAWKAL$Q-NH₂ 1367.80 684.90 684.97 443 SP-421 Ac-TF$r8AAWOAL$Q-NH₂ 1353.78 677.89 678.01 444 SP-422 Ac-TF$r8AAWSAL$Q-NH₂ 1326.73 664.37 664.47 445 SP-423 Ac-LTF$r8AAWRAL$Q-NH₂ 1508.89 755.45 755.49 446 SP-424 Ac-F$r8AYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1301.72 651.86 651.96 447 SP-425 Ac-F$r8AWWAAL$A-NH₂ 1267.71 634.86 634.87 448 SP-426 Ac-F$r8AWWAQL$A-NH₂ 1324.73 663.37 663.43 449 SP-427 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$-NH₂ 1231.66 616.83 1232.93 450 SP-428 Ac-F$r8AYWAAL$-NH₂ 1173.66 587.83 1175.09 451 SP-429 Ac-F$r8AYWKAL$-NH₂ 1230.72 616.36 616.44 452 SP-430 Ac-F$r8AYWOAL$-NH₂ 1216.70 609.35 609.48 453 SP-431 Ac-F$r8AYWQAL$-NH₂ 1230.68 616.34 616.44 454 SP-432 Ac-F$r8AYWAQL$-NH₂ 1230.68 616.34 616.37 455 SP-433 Ac-F$r8HYWDQL$S-NH₂ 1427.72 714.86 714.86 456 SP-434 Ac-F$r8HFWEQL$S-NH₂ 1425.74 713.87 713.98 457 SP-435 Ac-F$r8AYWHQL$S-NH₂ 1383.73 692.87 692.96 458 SP-436 Ac-F$r8AYWKQL$S-NH₂ 1374.77 688.39 688.45 459 SP-437 Ac-F$r8AYWOQL$S-NH₂ 1360.75 681.38 681.49 460 SP-438 Ac-F$r8HYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1399.73 700.87 700.95 461 SP-439 Ac-F$r8HWWEQL$S-NH₂ 1464.76 733.38 733.44 462 SP-440 Ac-F$r8HWWAQL$S-NH₂ 1406.75 704.38 704.43 463 SP-441 Ac-F$r8AWWHQL$S-NH₂ 1406.75 704.38 704.43 464 SP-442 Ac-F$r8AWWKQL$S-NH₂ 1397.79 699.90 699.92 465 SP-443 Ac-F$r8AWWOQL$S-NH₂ 1383.77 692.89 692.96 466 SP-444 Ac-F$r8HWWSQL$S-NH₂ 1422.75 712.38 712.42 467 SP-445 Ac-LTF$r8NYWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1600.90 801.45 801.52 468 SP-446 Ac-LTF$r8NLWAQL$Q-NH₂ 1565.90 783.95 784.06 469 SP-447 Ac-LTF$r8NYWANleL$A-NH₂ 1543.88 772.94 773.03 470 SP-448 Ac-LTF$r8NLWAQL$A-NH₂ 1508.88 755.44 755.49 471 SP-449 Ac-LTF$r8AYWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1557.90 779.95 780.06 472 SP-450 Ac-LTF$r8ALWAQL$Q-NH₂ 1522.89 762.45 762.45 473 SP-451 Ac-LAF$r8NYWANleL$Q-NH₂ 1570.89 786.45 786.5 474 SP-452 Ac-LAF$r8NLWAQL$Q-NH₂ 1535.89 768.95 769.03 475 SP-453 Ac-LAF$r8AYWANleL$A-NH₂ 1470.86 736.43 736.47 476 SP-454 Ac-LAF$r8ALWAQL$A-NH₂ 1435.86 718.93 719.01 477 SP-455 Ac-LAF$r8AYWAAL$A-NH₂ 1428.82 715.41 715.41 478 SP-456 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AAib-NH₂ 1399.75 700.88 700.95 479 SP-457 Ac-F$r8AYWAQL$AA-NH₂ 1372.75 687.38 687.78 480 SP-458 Ac-F$r8AYWAAc3cL$AA-NH₂ 1327.73 664.87 664.84 481 SP-459 Ac-F$r8AYWSAc3cL$AA-NH₂ 1343.73 672.87 672.9 482 SP-460 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AS-NH₂ 1401.73 701.87 701.84 483 SP-461 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AT-NH₂ 1415.75 708.88 708.87 484 SP-462 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AL-NH₂ 1427.79 714.90 714.94 485 SP-463 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AQ-NH₂ 1442.76 722.38 722.41 486 SP-464 Ac-F$r8AFWEAc3cL$AA-NH₂ 1369.74 685.87 685.93 487 SP-465 Ac-F$r8AWWEAc3cL$AA-NH₂ 1408.75 705.38 705.39 488 SP-466 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$SA-NH₂ 1401.73 701.87 701.99 489 SP-467 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1373.74 687.87 687.93 490 SP-468 Ac-F$r8AYWENleL$AA-NH₂ 1415.79 708.90 708.94 491 SP-469 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AbuA-NH₂ 1399.75 700.88 700.95 492 SP-470 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$NIeA-NH₂ 1427.79 714.90 714.86 493 SP-471 Ac-F$r8AYWEAibL$NIeA-NH₂ 1429.80 715.90 715.97 494 SP-472 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$NleA-NH₂ 1415.79 708.90 708.94 495 SP-473 Ac-F$r8AYWENleL$NleA-NH₂ 1457.83 729.92 729.96 496 SP-474 Ac-F$r8AYWEAibL$Abu-NH₂ 1330.73 666.37 666.39 497 SP-475 Ac-F$r8AYWENleL$Abu-NH₂ 1358.76 680.38 680.39 498 SP-476 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$Abu-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 659.36 499 SP-477 Ac-LTF$r8AFWAQL$S-NH₂ 1515.85 758.93 759.12 500 SP-478 Ac-LTF$r8AWWAQL$S-NH₂ 1554.86 778.43 778.51 501 SP-479 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQI$S-NH₂ 1531.84 766.92 766.96 502 SP-480 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQNle$S-NH₂ 1531.84 766.92 766.96 503 SP-481 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$SA-NH₂ 1602.88 802.44 802.48 504 SP-482 Ac-LTF$r8AWWAQL$A-NH₂ 1538.87 770.44 770.89 505 SP-483 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQI$A-NH₂ 1515.85 758.93 759.42 506 SP-484 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQNle$A-NH₂ 1515.85 758.93 759.42 507 SP-485 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$AA-NH₂ 1586.89 794.45 794.94 508 SP-486 Ac-LTF$r8HWWAQL$S-NH₂ 1620.88 811.44 811.47 509 SP-487 Ac-LTF$r8HRWAQL$S-NH₂ 1590.90 796.45 796.52 510 SP-488 Ac-LTF$r8HKWAQL$S-NH₂ 1562.90 782.45 782.53 511 SP-489 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$W-NH₂ 1696.91 849.46 849.5 512 SP-491 Ac-F$r8AYWAbuAL$A-NH₂ 1258.71 630.36 630.5 513 SP-492 Ac-F$r8AbuYWEAL$A-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 659.51 514 SP-493 Ac-N1ePRF%r8NYWRLL%QN-NH₂ 1954.13 978.07 978.54 515 SP-494 Ac-TSF%r8HYWAQL%S-NH₂ 1573.83 787.92 787.98 516 SP-495 Ac-LTF%r8AYWAQL%S-NH₂ 1533.86 767.93 768 517 SP-496 Ac-HTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1621.84 811.92 811.96 518 SP-497 Ac-LHF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1633.88 817.94 818.02 519 SP-498 Ac-LTF$r8HHWAQL$S-NH₂ 1571.86 786.93 786.94 520 SP-499 Ac-LTF$r8HYWHQL$S-NH₂ 1663.89 832.95 832.38 521 SP-500 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAHL$S-NH₂ 1606.87 804.44 804.48 522 SP-501 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$H-NH₂ 1647.89 824.95 824.98 523 SP-502 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHPr 1639.91 820.96 820.98 524 SP-503 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHsBu 1653.93 827.97 828.02 525 SP-504 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHiBu 1653.93 827.97 828.02 526 SP-505 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHBn 1687.91 844.96 844.44 527 SP-506 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHPe 1700.92 851.46 851.99 528 SP-507 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHChx 1679.94 840.97 841.04 529 SP-508 Ac-ETF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1547.80 774.90 774.96 530 SP-509 Ac-STF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1505.79 753.90 753.94 531 SP-510 Ac-LEF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1559.84 780.92 781.25 532 SP-511 Ac-LSF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1517.83 759.92 759.93 533 SP-512 Ac-LTF$r8EYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1589.85 795.93 795.97 534 SP-513 Ac-LTF$r8SYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1547.84 774.92 774.96 535 SP-514 Ac-LTF$r8AYWEQL$S-NH₂ 1589.85 795.93 795.9 536 SP-515 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAEL$S-NH₂ 1532.83 767.42 766.96 537 SP-516 Ac-LTF$r8AYWASL$S-NH₂ 1490.82 746.41 746.46 538 SP-517 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$E-NH₂ 1573.85 787.93 787.98 539 SP-518 Ac-LTF2CN$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1622.86 812.43 812.47 540 SP-519 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1631.83 816.92 816.99 541 SP-520 Ac-LTDip$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1673.90 837.95 838.01 542 SP-521 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQTle$S-NH₂ 1597.87 799.94 800.04 543 SP-522 Ac-F$r8AY6clWEAL$A-NH₂ 1336.66 669.33 1338.56 544 SP-523 Ac-F$r8AYdl6brWEAL$A-NH₂ 1380.61 691.31 692.2 545 SP-524 Ac-F$r8AYdl6fWEAL$A-NH₂ 1320.69 661.35 1321.61 546 SP-525 Ac-F$r8AYdl4mWEAL$A-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 659.36 547 SP-526 Ac-F$r8AYdl5clWEAL$A-NH₂ 1336.66 669.33 669.35 548 SP-527 Ac-F$r8AYd17mWEAL$A-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 659.36 549 SP-528 Ac-LTF%r8HYWAQL%A-NH₂ 1583.89 792.95 793.01 550 SP-529 Ac-LTF$r8HCouWAQL$S-NH₂ 1679.87 840.94 841.38 551 SP-530 Ac-LTFEHCouWAQLTS-NH₂ 1617.75 809.88 809.96 552 SP-531 Ac-LTA$r8HCouWAQL$S-NH₂ 1603.84 802.92 803.36 553 SP-532 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$AbuA-NH₂ 1387.75 694.88 694.88 554 SP-533 Ac-F$r8AYWEAl$AA-NH₂ 1373.74 687.87 687.93 555 SP-534 Ac-F$r8AYWEANle$AA-NH₂ 1373.74 687.87 687.93 556 SP-535 Ac-F$r8AYWEAmlL$AA-NH₂ 1429.80 715.90 715.97 557 SP-536 Ac-F$r8AYWQAL$AA-NH₂ 1372.75 687.38 687.48 558 SP-537 Ac-F$r8AYWAAL$AA-NH₂ 1315.73 658.87 658.92 559 SP-538 Ac-F$r8AYWAbuAL$AA-NH₂ 1329.75 665.88 665.95 560 SP-539 Ac-F$r8AYWNleAL$AA-NH₂ 1357.78 679.89 679.94 561 SP-540 Ac-F$r8AbuYWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1387.75 694.88 694.96 562 SP-541 Ac-F$r8NleYWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1415.79 708.90 708.94 563 SP-542 Ac-F$r8FYWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1449.77 725.89 725.97 564 SP-543 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1611.88 806.94 807 565 SP-544 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQAdm$S-NH₂ 1675.91 838.96 839.04 566 SP-545 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQIgl$S-NH₂ 1659.88 830.94 829.94 567 SP-546 Ac-F$r8AYWAQL$AA-NH₂ 1372.75 687.38 687.48 568 SP-547 Ac-LTF$r8ALWAQL$Q-NH₂ 1522.89 762.45 762.52 569 SP-548 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1373.74 687.87 687.93 570 SP-549 Ac-F$r8AYWENleL$AA-NH₂ 1415.79 708.90 708.94 571 SP-550 Ac-F$r8AYWEAibL$Abu-NH₂ 1330.73 666.37 666.39 572 SP-551 Ac-F$r8AYWENleL$Abu-NH₂ 1358.76 680.38 680.38 573 SP-552 Ac-F$r8AYWEAL$Abu-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 659.36 574 SP-553 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$AbuA-NH₂ 1399.75 700.88 700.95 575 SP-554 Ac-F$r8AYWEAc3cL$NleA-NH₂ 1427.79 714.90 715.01 576 SP-555 H-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1489.83 745.92 745.95 577 SP-556 mdPEG3-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1679.92 840.96 840.97 578 SP-557 mdPEG7-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1856.02 929.01 929.03 579 SP-558 Ac-F$r8ApmpEt6clWEAL$A-NH₂ 1470.71 736.36 788.17 580 SP-559 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1565.81 783.91 809.18 581 SP-560 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8HYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1615.83 808.92 875.24 582 SP-561 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8HYWWQL$S-NH₂ 1746.87 874.44 841.65 583 SP-562 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWWQL$S-NH₂ 1680.85 841.43 824.63 584 SP-563 Ac-LTF$r8AYWWQL$S-NH₂ 1646.89 824.45 849.98 585 SP-564 Ac-LTF$r8HYWWQL$A-NH₂ 1696.91 849.46 816.67 586 SP-565 Ac-LTF$r8AYWWQL$A-NH₂ 1630.89 816.45 776.15 587 SP-566 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1549.83 775.92 776.15 588 SP-567 Ac-LTF2F$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1549.83 775.92 776.15 589 SP-568 Ac-LTF3F$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1549.83 775.92 785.12 590 SP-569 Ac-LTF34F2$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1567.83 784.92 785.12 591 SP-570 Ac-LTF35F2$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1567.83 784.92 1338.74 592 SP-571 Ac-F3Cl$r8AYWEAL$A-NH₂ 1336.66 669.33 705.28 593 SP-572 Ac-F3Cl$r8AYWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1407.70 704.85 680.11 594 SP-573 Ac-F$r8AY6clWEAL$AA-NH₂ 1407.70 704.85 736.83 595 SP-574 Ac-F$r8AY6clWEAL$-NH₂ 1265.63 633.82 784.1 596 SP-575 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQLSt/S-NH₂ 16.03 9.02 826.98 597 SP-576 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHsBu 1653.93 827.97 828.02 598 SP-577 Ac-STF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1505.79 753.90 753.94 599 SP-578 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAEL$S-NH₂ 1532.83 767.42 767.41 600 SP-579 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$E-NH₂ 1573.85 787.93 787.98 601 SP-580 mdPEG3-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1679.92 840.96 840.97 602 SP-581 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.31 603 SP-583 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQCha$S-NH₂ 1571.88 786.94 787.3 604 SP-584 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1557.86 779.93 780.4 605 SP-585 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1543.84 772.92 780.13 606 SP-586 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQF$S-NH₂ 1565.83 783.92 784.2 607 SP-587 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1629.87 815.94 815.36 608 SP-588 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQCha$S-NH₂ 1655.89 828.95 828.39 609 SP-589 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1641.87 821.94 821.35 610 SP-590 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1627.86 814.93 814.32 611 SP-591 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1563.85 782.93 782.36 612 SP-592 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQCha$S-NH₂ 1589.87 795.94 795.38 613 SP-593 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1575.85 788.93 788.35 614 SP-594 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1561.83 781.92 781.39 615 SP-595 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1579.82 790.91 790.35 616 SP-596 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQCha$S-NH₂ 1605.84 803.92 803.67 617 SP-597 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1591.82 796.91 796.34 618 SP-598 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1577.81 789.91 789.39 619 SP-599 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQhF$S-NH₂ 1579.84 790.92 791.14 620 SP-600 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQF3CF3$S-NH₂ 1633.82 817.91 818.15 621 SP-601 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQF3Me$S-NH₂ 1581.86 791.93 791.32 622 SP-602 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQlNa1$S-NH₂ 1615.84 808.92 809.18 623 SP-603 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQBip$S-NH₂ 1641.86 821.93 822.13 624 SP-604 Ac-LTF$r8FYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1591.88 796.94 797.33 625 SP-605 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHAm 1667.94 834.97 835.92 626 SP-606 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHiAm 1667.94 834.97 835.55 627 SP-607 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnPr3Ph 1715.94 858.97 859.79 628 SP-608 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnBu3,3Me 1681.96 841.98 842.49 629 SP-610 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnPr 1639.91 820.96 821.58 630 SP-611 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnEt2Ch 1707.98 854.99 855.35 631 SP-612 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHHex 1681.96 841.98 842.4 632 SP-613 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NHmdPeg2 1633.91 817.96 818.35 633 SP-614 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$A-NHmdPeg2 1617.92 809.96 810.3 634 SP-615 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$A-NHmdPeg4 1705.97 853.99 854.33 635 SP-616 Ac-F$r8AYdl4mWEAL$A-NH₂ 1316.72 659.36 659.44 636 SP-617 Ac-F$r8AYdl5clWEAL$A-NH₂ 1336.66 669.33 669.43 637 SP-618 Ac-LThF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.11 638 SP-619 Ac-LT2Na1$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1581.86 791.93 792.43 639 SP-620 Ac-LTA$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1455.81 728.91 729.15 640 SP-621 Ac-LTF$r8AYWVQL$S-NH₂ 1559.88 780.94 781.24 641 SP-622 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAAL$A-NH₂ 1524.85 763.43 763.86 642 SP-623 Ac-LTF$r8VYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1543.88 772.94 773.37 643 SP-624 Ac-LTF$r8IYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1573.89 787.95 788.17 644 SP-625 Ac-FTF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1609.85 805.93 806.22 645 SP-626 Ac-ITF$r8FYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1607.88 804.94 805.2 646 SP-627 Ac-2Na1TF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1659.87 830.94 831.2 647 SP-628 Ac-ITF$r8LYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1589.89 795.95 796.13 648 SP-629 Ac-FTF$r8FYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1641.86 821.93 822.13 649 SP-630 Ac-WTF$r8VYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1632.87 817.44 817.69 650 SP-631 Ac-WTF$r8WYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1719.88 860.94 861.36 651 SP-632 Ac-VTF$r8AYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1533.82 767.91 768.19 652 SP-633 Ac-WTF$r8FYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1696.87 849.44 849.7 653 SP-634 Ac-FTF$r8IYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1607.88 804.94 805.2 654 SP-635 Ac-WTF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1648.87 825.44 824.8 655 SP-636 Ac-FTF$r8LYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1623.87 812.94 812.8 656 SP-637 Ac-YTF$r8FYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1673.85 837.93 837.8 657 SP-638 Ac-LTF$r8AY6clWEAL$A-NH₂ 1550.79 776.40 776.14 658 SP-639 Ac-LTF$r8AY6clWSQL$S-NH₂ 1581.80 791.90 791.68 659 SP-640 Ac-F$r8AY6clWSAL$A-NH₂ 1294.65 648.33 647.67 660 SP-641 Ac-F$r8AY6clWQAL$AA-NH₂ 1406.72 704.36 703.84 661 SP-642 Ac-LHF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1567.86 784.93 785.21 662 SP-643 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1531.84 766.92 767.17 663 SP-644 Ac-LTF$r8AHWAQL$S-NH₂ 1505.84 753.92 754.13 664 SP-645 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAHL$S-NH₂ 1540.84 771.42 771.61 665 SP-646 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$H-NH₂ 1581.87 791.94 792.15 666 SP-647 H-LTF$r8AYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1473.84 737.92 737.29 667 SP-648 Ac-HHF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1591.83 796.92 797.35 668 SP-649 Ac-aAibWTF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1804.96 903.48 903.64 669 SP-650 Ac-AibWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1755.91 878.96 879.4 670 SP-651 Ac-AibAWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1826.95 914.48 914.7 671 SP-652 Ac-fWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1817.93 909.97 910.1 672 SP-653 Ac-AibWWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1941.99 972.00 972.2 673 SP-654 Ac-WTF$r8LYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1662.88 832.44 832.8 674 SP-655 Ac-WTF$r8NleYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1662.88 832.44 832.6 675 SP-656 Ac-LTF$r8AYWSQL$a-NH₂ 1531.84 766.92 767.2 676 SP-657 Ac-LTF$r8EYWARL$A-NH₂ 1601.90 801.95 802.1 677 SP-658 Ac-LTF$r8EYWAHL$A-NH₂ 1582.86 792.43 792.6 678 SP-659 Ac-aTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1489.80 745.90 746.08 679 SP-660 Ac-AibTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1503.81 752.91 753.11 680 SP-661 Ac-AmfTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1579.84 790.92 791.14 681 SP-662 Ac-AmwTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1618.86 810.43 810.66 682 SP-663 Ac-NmLTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.11 683 SP-664 Ac-LNmTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.11 684 SP-665 Ac-LSarF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1501.83 751.92 752.18 685 SP-667 Ac-LGF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1487.82 744.91 745.15 686 SP-668 Ac-LTNmF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.2 687 SP-669 Ac-TF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1418.76 710.38 710.64 688 SP-670 Ac-ETF$r8AYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1531.81 766.91 767.2 689 SP-671 Ac-LTF$r8EYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1573.85 787.93 788.1 690 SP-672 Ac-LT2Nal$r8AYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1597.85 799.93 800.4 691 SP-673 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAAL$S-NH₂ 1474.82 738.41 738.68 692 SP-674 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQhCha$S-NH₂ 1585.89 793.95 794.19 693 SP-675 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1557.86 779.93 780.97 694 SP-676 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1543.84 772.92 773.19 695 SP-677 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQF3CF3$S-NH₂ 1633.82 817.91 818.15 696 SP-678 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQlNal$S-NH₂ 1615.84 808.92 809.18 697 SP-679 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQBip$S-NH₂ 1641.86 821.93 822.32 698 SP-680 Ac-LT2Na1$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1581.86 791.93 792.15 699 SP-681 Ac-LTF$r8AYWVQL$S-NH₂ 1559.88 780.94 781.62 700 SP-682 Ac-LTF$r8AWWAQL$S-NH₂ 1554.86 778.43 778.65 701 SP-683 Ac-FTF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1609.85 805.93 806.12 702 SP-684 Ac-ITF$r8FYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1607.88 804.94 805.2 703 SP-685 Ac-ITF$r8LYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1589.89 795.95 796.22 704 SP-686 Ac-FTF$r8FYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1641.86 821.93 822.41 705 SP-687 Ac-VTF$r8AYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1533.82 767.91 768.19 706 SP-688 Ac-LTF$r8AHWAQL$S-NH₂ 1505.84 753.92 754.31 707 SP-689 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$H-NH₂ 1581.87 791.94 791.94 708 SP-690 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAHL$S-NH₂ 1540.84 771.42 771.61 709 SP-691 Ac-aAibWTF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1804.96 903.48 903.9 710 SP-692 Ac-AibWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1755.91 878.96 879.5 711 SP-693 Ac-AibAWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1826.95 914.48 914.7 712 SP-694 Ac-fWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1817.93 909.97 910.2 713 SP-695 Ac-AibWWTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1941.99 972.00 972.7 714 SP-696 Ac-WTF$r8LYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1662.88 832.44 832.7 715 SP-697 Ac-WTF$r8NleYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1662.88 832.44 832.7 716 SP-698 Ac-LTF$r8AYWSQL$a-NH₂ 1531.84 766.92 767.2 717 SP-699 Ac-LTF$r8EYWARL$A-NH₂ 1601.90 801.95 802.2 718 SP-700 Ac-LTF$r8EYWAHL$A-NH₂ 1582.86 792.43 792.6 719 SP-701 Ac-aTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1489.80 745.90 746.1 720 SP-702 Ac-AibTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1503.81 752.91 753.2 721 SP-703 Ac-AmfTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1579.84 790.92 791.2 722 SP-704 Ac-AmwTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1618.86 810.43 810.7 723 SP-705 Ac-NmLTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.1 724 SP-706 Ac-LNmTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1545.86 773.93 774.4 725 SP-707 Ac-LSarF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1501.83 751.92 752.1 726 SP-708 Ac-TF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1418.76 710.38 710.8 727 SP-709 Ac-ETF$r8AYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1531.81 766.91 767.4 728 SP-710 Ac-LTF$r8EYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1573.85 787.93 788.2 729 SP-711 Ac-WTF$r8VYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1648.87 825.44 825.2 730 SP-713 Ac-YTF$r8FYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1673.85 837.93 837.3 731 SP-714 Ac-F$r8AY6cIWSAL$A-NH₂ 1294.65 648.33 647.74 732 SP-715 Ac-ETF$r8EYWVQL$S-NH₂ 1633.84 817.92 817.36 733 SP-716 Ac-ETF$r8EHWAQL$A-NH₂ 1563.81 782.91 782.36 734 SP-717 Ac-ITF$r8EYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1589.85 795.93 795.38 735 SP-718 Ac-ITF$r8EHWVQL$A-NH₂ 1575.88 788.94 788.42 736 SP-719 Ac-ITF$r8EHWAQL$S-NH₂ 1563.85 782.93 782.43 737 SP-720 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1561.83 781.92 781.32 738 SP-721 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1579.82 790.91 790.64 739 SP-722 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQCha$S-NH₂ 1605.84 803.92 803.37 740 SP-723 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1591.82 796.91 796.27 741 SP-724 Ac-LTF3Cl$r8AYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1577.81 789.91 789.83 742 SP-725 Ac-LTF$r8AY6clWSQL$S-NH₂ 1581.80 791.90 791.75 743 SP-726 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1629.87 815.94 815.36 744 SP-727 Ac-LTF4F$r8HYWAQCba$S-NH₂ 1627.86 814.93 814.32 745 SP-728 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQhL$S-NH₂ 1563.85 782.93 782.36 746 SP-729 Ac-LTF4F$r8AYWAQChg$S-NH₂ 1575.85 788.93 788.35 747 SP-730 Ac-ETF$r8EYWVAL$S-NH₂ 1576.82 789.41 788.79 748 SP-731 Ac-ETF$r8EHWAAL$A-NH₂ 1506.79 754.40 754.8 749 SP-732 Ac-ITF$r8EYWAAL$S-NH₂ 1532.83 767.42 767.75 750 SP-733 Ac-ITF$r8EHWVAL$A-NH₂ 1518.86 760.43 760.81 751 SP-734 Ac-ITF$r8EHWAAL$S-NH₂ 1506.82 754.41 754.8 752 SP-735 Pam-LTF$r8EYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1786.07 894.04 894.48 753 SP-736 Pam-ETF$r8EYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1802.03 902.02 902.34 754 SP-737 Ac-LTF$r8AYWLQL$S-NH₂ 1573.89 787.95 787.39 755 SP-738 Ac-LTF$r8EYWLQL$S-NH₂ 1631.90 816.95 817.33 756 SP-739 Ac-LTF$r8EHWLQL$S-NH₂ 1605.89 803.95 804.29 757 SP-740 Ac-LTF$r8VYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1559.88 780.94 781.34 758 SP-741 Ac-LTF$r8AYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1547.84 774.92 775.33 759 SP-742 Ac-ETF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1547.80 774.90 775.7 760 SP-743 Ac-LTF$r8EYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1589.85 795.93 796.33 761 SP-744 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHAm 1667.94 834.97 835.37 762 SP-745 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHiAm 1667.94 834.97 835.27 763 SP-746 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnPr3Ph 1715.94 858.97 859.42 764 SP-747 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnBu3,3Me 1681.96 841.98 842.67 765 SP-748 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnBu 1653.93 827.97 828.24 766 SP-749 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnPr 1639.91 820.96 821.31 767 SP-750 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHnEt2Ch 1707.98 854.99 855.35 768 SP-751 Ac-LTF$r8HYWAQL$S-NHHex 1681.96 841.98 842.4 769 SP-752 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NHmdPeg2 1633.91 817.96 855.35 770 SP-753 Ac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$A-NHmdPeg2 1617.92 809.96 810.58 771 SP-754 Ac-LTF$r5AYWAAL$s8S-NH₂ 1474.82 738.41 738.79 772 SP-755 Ac-LTF$r8AYWCouQL$S-NH₂ 1705.88 853.94 854.61 773 SP-756 Ac-LTF$r8CouYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1705.88 853.94 854.7 774 SP-757 Ac-CouTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1663.83 832.92 833.33 775 SP-758 H-LTF$r8AYWAQL$A-NH₂ 1473.84 737.92 737.29 776 SP-759 Ac-HHF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1591.83 796.92 797.72 777 SP-760 Ac-LT2Nal$r8AYWSQL$S-NH₂ 1597.85 799.93 800.68 778 SP-761 Ac-LTF$r8HCouWAQL$S-NH₂ 1679.87 840.94 841.38 779 SP-762 Ac-LTF$r8AYWCou2QL$S-NH₂ 1789.94 895.97 896.51 780 SP-763 Ac-LTF$r8Cou2YWAQL$S-NH₂ 1789.94 895.97 896.5 781 SP-764 Ac-Cou2TF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1747.90 874.95 875.42 782 SP-765 Ac-LTF$r8ACou2WAQL$S-NH₂ 1697.92 849.96 850.82 783 SP-766 Dmaac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1574.89 788.45 788.82 784 SP-767 Hexac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1587.91 794.96 795.11 785 SP-768 Napac-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1657.89 829.95 830.36 786 SP-769 Pam-LTF$r8AYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1728.06 865.03 865.45 787 SP-770 Ac-LT2Nal$r8HYAAQL$S-NH₂ 1532.84 767.42 767.61 788 SP-771 Ac-LT2Nal$/r8HYWAQL$/S-NH₂ 1675.91 838.96 839.1 789 SP-772 Ac-LT2Nal$r8HYFAQL$S-NH₂ 1608.87 805.44 805.9 790 SP-773 Ac-LT2Nal$r8HWAAQL$S-NH₂ 1555.86 778.93 779.08 791 SP-774 Ac-LT2Nal$r8HYAWQL$S-NH₂ 1647.88 824.94 825.04 792 SP-775 Ac-LT2Nal$r8HYAAQW$S-NH₂ 1605.83 803.92 804.05 793 SP-776 Ac-LTW$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1636.88 819.44 819.95 794 SP-777 Ac-LT1Nal$r8HYWAQL$S-NH₂ 1647.88 824.94 825.41

In the sequences shown above and elsewhere, the following abbreviations are used: “Nle” represents norleucine, “Aib” represents 2-aminoisobutyric acid, “Ac” represents acetyl, and “Pr” represents propionyl Amino acids represented as “$” are alpha-Me S5-pentenyl-alanine olefin amino acids connected by an all-carbon i to i+4 crosslinker comprising one double bond Amino acids represented as “$r5” are alpha-Me R5-pentenyl-alanine olefin amino acids connected by an all-carbon i to i+4 crosslinker comprising one double bond Amino acids represented as “$s8” are alpha-Me S8-octenyl-alanine olefin amino acids connected by an all-carbon i to i+7 crosslinker comprising one double bond Amino acids represented as “$r8” are alpha-Me R8-octenyl-alanine olefin amino acids connected by an all-carbon i to i+7 crosslinker comprising one double bond. “Ahx” represents an aminocyclohexyl linker. The crosslinkers are linear all-carbon crosslinker comprising eight or eleven carbon atoms between the alpha carbons of each amino acid Amino acids represented as “$/” are alpha-Me S5-pentenyl-alanine olefin amino acids that are not connected by any crosslinker Amino acids represented as “$/r5” are alpha-Me R5-pentenyl-alanine olefin amino acids that are not connected by any crosslinker Amino acids represented as “$/s8” are alpha-Me S8-octenyl-alanine olefin amino acids that are not connected by any crosslinker. Amino acids represented as “$/r8” are alpha-Me R8-octenyl-alanine olefin amino acids that are not connected by any crosslinker Amino acids represented as “Amw” are alpha-Me tryptophan amino acids Amino acids represented as “Aml” are alpha-Me leucine amino acids Amino acids represented as “2ff” are 2-fluoro-phenylalanine amino acids. Amino acids represented as “3ff” are 3-fluoro-phenylalanine amino acids. Amino acids represented as “St” are amino acids comprising two pentenyl-alanine olefin side chains, each of which is crosslinked to another amino acid as indicated Amino acids represented as “St//” are amino acids comprising two pentenyl-alanine olefin side chains that are not crosslinked Amino acids represented as “% St” are amino acids comprising two pentenyl-alanine olefin side chains, each of which is crosslinked to another amino acid as indicated via fully saturated hydrocarbon crosslinks.

For example, the compounds represented as SP-72, SP-56 and SP-138 have the following structures (SEQ ID NOS 109, 93 and 173, respectively, in order of appearance):

For example, additional compounds have the following structures (SEQ ID NOS 83, 177, 303, 163, 225, 273, 366, 217, 214, 387 and 184, respectively, in order of appearance):

Example 3 Competition Binding ELISA (HDM2 & HDMX)

p53-His6 (“His6” disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 796) protein (30 nM/well) is coated overnight at room temperature in the wells of a 96-well Immulon plates. On the day of the experiment, plates are washed with 1×PBS-Tween 20 (0.05%) using an automated ELISA plate washer, blocked with ELISA Micro well Blocking for 30 minutes at room temperature; excess blocking agent is washed off by washing plates with 1×PBS-Tween 20 (0.05%). Peptides are diluted from 10 mM DMSO stocks to 500 μM working stocks in sterile water, further dilutions made in 0.5% DMSO to keep the concentration of DMSO constant across the samples. The peptides are added to wells at 2× desired concentrations in 50 μl volumes, followed by addition of diluted GST-HDM2 or GST-HMDX protein (final concentration: 10 nM). Samples are incubated at room temperature for 2 h, plates are washed with PBS-Tween 20 (0.05%) prior to adding 100 μl of HRP-conjugated anti-GST antibody [Hypromatrix, INC] diluted to 0.5 μg/ml in HRP-stabilizing buffer. Post 30 min incubation with detection antibody, plates are washed and incubated with 100 μl per well of TMB-E Substrate solution up to 30 minutes; reactions are stopped using 1M HCL and absorbance measured at 450 nm on micro plate reader. Data is analyzed using Graph Pad PRISM software.

Example 4 SJSA-1 Cell Viability Assay

SJSA1 cells are seeded at the density of 5000 cells/100 μl/well in 96-well plates a day prior to assay. On the day of study cells are washed once with Opti-MEM Media and 90 μL of the Opti-MEM Media is added to cells. Peptides are diluted from 10 mM DMSO stocks to 500 μM working stocks in sterile water, further dilutions made in 0.5% DMSO to keep the concentration of DMSO constant across the samples. The final concentration range μM will be 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.1, 1.56, 0.8 and 0 μM in 100 μL final volume per well for peptides. Final highest DMSO concentration is 0.5% and will be used as the negative control. Cayman Chemicals Cell-Based Assay (−)-Nutlin-3 (10 mM) is used as positive control. Nutlin was diluted using the same dilution scheme as peptides 10 μl of 10× desired concentrations is added to the appropriate well to achieve the final desired concentrations. Cells are then incubated with peptides for 20-24 h at 37° C. in humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Post-incubation period, cell viability is measured using Promega Cell Titer-Glo reagents according to manufacturer' instructions.

Example 5 SJSA-1 p21 Up-Regulation Assay

SJSA1 cells are seeded at the density of 0.8 million cells/2 ml/well in 6-well plates a day prior to assay. On the day of study cells are washed once with Opti-MEM Media and 1350 μL of the Opti-MEM Media is added to cells. Peptides are diluted from 10 mM DMSO stocks to 500 μM working stocks in sterile water, further dilutions made in 0.5% DMSO to keep the concentration of DMSO constant across the samples. Final highest DMSO concentration is 0.5% and is used as the negative control. Cayman Chemicals Cell-Based Assay (−)-Nutlin-3 (10 mM) is used as positive control. Nutlin is diluted using the same dilution scheme as peptides 150 μl of 10× desired concentrations is added to the appropriate well to achieve the final desired concentrations. Cells are then incubated with peptides for 18-20 h at 37° C. in humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Post-incubation period, cells are harvested, washed with 1×PBS (without Ca++/Mg++) and lysed in 1× Cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling technologies 10× buffer diluted to 1× and supplemented with protease inhibitors and Phosphatase inhibitors) on ice for 30 min. Lysates are centrifuged at 13000 rpm speed in a microfuge at 40 C for 8 min; clear supernatants are collected and stored at −800 C till further use. Total protein content of the lysates is measured using BCA protein detection kit and BSA standards from Thermofisher. 25 μg of the total protein is used for p21 detection ELISA assay. Each condition is set in triplicate for ELISA plate. The ELISA assay protocol is followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. 25 μg total protein used for each well, and each well is set up in triplicate. Data is analyzed using Graph Pad PRISM software.

Example 6 p53 GRIP Assay

Thermo Scientific* BioImage p53-Hdm2 Redistribution Assay monitors the protein interaction with Hdm2 and cellular translocation of GFP-tagged p53 in response to drug compounds or other stimuli. Recombinant CHO-hIR cells stably express human p53(1-312) fused to the C-terminus of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and PDE4A4-Hdm2(1-124), a fusion protein between PDE4A4 and Hdm2(1-124). They provide a ready-to-use assay system for measuring the effects of experimental conditions on the interaction of p53 and Hdm2. Imaging and analysis is performed with a HCS platform.

CHO-hIR cells are regularly maintained in Ham's F12 media supplemented with 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin, 0.5 mg/ml Geneticin, 1 mg/ml Zeocin and 10% FBS. Cells seeded into 96-well plates at the density of 7000 cells/100 μl per well 18-24 hours prior to running the assay using culture media. The next day, media is refreshed and PD177 is added to cells to the final concentration of 3 μM to activate foci formation. Control wells are kept without PD-177 solution. 24 h post stimulation with PD177, cells are washed once with Opti-MEM Media and 50 μL of the Opti-MEM Media supplemented with PD-177(6 μM) is added to cells. Peptides are diluted from 10 mM DMSO stocks to 500 μM working stocks in sterile water, further dilutions made in 0.5% DMSO to keep the concentration of DMSO constant across the samples. Final highest DMSO concentration is 0.5% and is used as the negative control. Cayman Chemicals Cell-Based Assay (−)-Nutlin-3 (10 mM) is used as positive control. Nutlin was diluted using the same dilution scheme as peptides. 50 μl of 2× desired concentrations is added to the appropriate well to achieve the final desired concentrations. Cells are then incubated with peptides for 6 h at 37° C. in humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Post-incubation period, cells are fixed by gently aspirating out the media and adding 150 μl of fixing solution per well for 20 minutes at room temperature. Fixed cells are washed 4 times with 200 μl PBS per well each time. At the end of last wash, 100 μl of 1 μM Hoechst staining solution is added. Sealed plates incubated for at least 30 min in dark, washed with PBS to remove excess stain and PBS is added to each well. Plates can be stored at 4° C. in dark up to 3 days. The translocation of p53/HDM2 is imaged using Molecular translocation module on Cellomics Arrayscan instrument using 10× objective, XF-100 filter sets for Hoechst and GFP. The output parameters was Mean—CircRINGAveIntenRatio (the ratio of average fluorescence intensities of nucleus and cytoplasm, (well average)). The minimally acceptable number of cells per well used for image analysis was set to 500 cells.

Example 7 Direct Binding Assay hDM2 with Fluorescence Polarization (FP)

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

1. Dilute hDM2 (In-house, 41 kD) into FP buffer (High salt buffer-200 mM Nacl, 5 mM CHAPS, pH 7.5) to make 10 μM working stock solution. 2. Add 30 μl of 10 μM of protein stock solution into A1 and B1 well of 96-well black HE microplate (Molecular Devices). 3. Fill in 30 μl of FP buffer into column A2 to A12, B2 to B12, C1 to C12, and D1 to D12. 4. 2 or 3 fold series dilution of protein stock from A1, B1 into A2, B2; A2, B2 to A3, B3; . . . to reach the single digit nM concentration at the last dilution point. 5. Dilute 1 mM (in 100% DMSO) of FAM labeled linear peptide with DMSO to 100 μM (dilution 1:10). Then, dilute from 100 μM to 10 μM with water (dilution 1:10) and then dilute with FP buffer from 10 μM to 40 nM (dilution 1:250). This is the working solution which will be a 10 nM concentration in well (dilution 1:4). Keep the diluted FAM labeled peptide in the dark until use. 6. Add 10 μl of 10 nM of FAM labeled peptide into each well and incubate, and read at different time points. Kd with 5-FAM-BaLTFEHYWAQLTS-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 795) is ˜13.38 nM.

Example 8 Competitive Fluorescence Polarization Assay for hDM2

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

1. Dilute hDM2 (In-house, 41 kD) into FP buffer (High salt buffer-200 mM Nacl, 5 mM CHAPS, pH 7.5) to make 84 nM (2×) working stock solution. 2. Add 20 μl of 84 nM (2×) of protein stock solution into each well of 96-well black HE microplate (Molecular Devices) 3. Dilute 1 mM (in 100% DMSO) of FAM labeled linear peptide with DMSO to 100 μM (dilution 1:10). Then, dilute from 100 μM to 10 μM with water (dilution 1:10) and then dilute with FP buffer from 10 μM to 40 nM (dilution 1:250). This is the working solution which will be a 10 nM concentration in well (dilution 1:4). Keep the diluted FAM labeled peptide in the dark until use. 4. Make unlabeled peptide dose plate with FP buffer starting with 1 μM (final) of peptide and making 5 fold serial dilutions for 6 points using following dilution scheme. Dilute 10 mM (in 100% DMSO) with DMSO to 5 mM (dilution 1:2). Then, dilute from 5 mM to 500 μM with H₂O (dilution 1:10) and then dilute with FP buffer from 500 μM to 20 μM (dilution 1:25). Making 5 fold serial dilutions from 4 μM (4×) for 6 points. 5. Transfer 10 μl of serial diluted unlabeled peptides to each well which is filled with 20 μl of 84 nM of protein. 6. Add 10 μl of 10 nM (4×) of FAM labeled peptide into each well and incubate for 3 hr to read.

-   -   Results of Examples 7 and 8 are provided in HDM2 data in FIGS.         7A-D.

Example 9 Direct Binding Assay hDMX with Fluorescence Polarization (FP)

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

1. Dilute hDMX (In-house, 40 kD) into FP buffer (High salt buffer-200 mM Nacl, 5 mM CHAPS, pH 7.5) to make 10 μM working stock solution. 2. Add 30 μl of 10 μM of protein stock solution into A1 and B1 well of 96-well black HE microplate (Molecular Devices). 3. Fill in 30 μl of FP buffer into column A2 to A12, B2 to B12, C1 to C12, and D1 to D12. 4. 2 or 3 fold series dilution of protein stock from A1, B1 into A2, B2; A2, B2 to A3, B3; . . . to reach the single digit nM concentration at the last dilution point. 5. Dilute 1 mM (in 100% DMSO) of FAM labeled linear peptide with DMSO to 100 μM (dilution 1:10). Then, dilute from 100 μM to 10 μM with water (dilution 1:10) and then dilute with FP buffer from 10 μM to 40 nM (dilution 1:250). This is the working solution which will be a 10 nM concentration in well (dilution 1:4). Keep the diluted FAM labeled peptide in the dark until use. 6. Add 10 μl of 10 nM of FAM labeled peptide into each well and incubate, and read at different time points. Kd with 5-FAM-BaLTFEHYWAQLTS-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 795) is ˜51 nM.

Example 10 Competitive Fluorescence Polarization Assay for hDMX

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

1. Dilute hDMX (In-house, 40 kD) into FP buffer (High salt buffer-200 mM Nacl, 5 mM CHAPS, pH 7.5) to make 300 nM (2×) working stock solution. 2. Add 20 μl of 300 nM (2×) of protein stock solution into each well of 96-well black HE microplate (Molecular Devices) 3. Dilute 1 mM (in 100% DMSO) of FAM labeled linear peptide with DMSO to 100 μM (dilution 1:10). Then, dilute from 100 μM to 10 μM with water (dilution 1:10) and then dilute with FP buffer from 10 μM to 40 nM (dilution 1:250). This is the working solution which will be a 10 nM concentration in well (dilution 1:4). Keep the diluted FAM labeled peptide in the dark until use. 4. Make unlabeled peptide dose plate with FP buffer starting with 5 μM (final) of peptide and making 5 fold serial dilutions for 6 points using following dilution scheme. 5. Dilute 10 mM (in 100% DMSO) with DMSO to 5 mM (dilution 1:2). Then, dilute from 5 mM to 500 μM with H₂O (dilution 1:10) and then dilute with FP buffer from 500 μM to 20 μM (dilution 1:25). Making 5 fold serial dilutions from 20 μM (4×) for 6 points. 6. Transfer 10 μl of serial diluted unlabeled peptides to each well which is filled with 20 μl of 300 nM of protein. 7. Add 10 μl of 10 nM (4×) of FAM labeled peptide into each well and incubate for 3 hr to read.

-   -   Results of Examples 9 and 10 are provided in HDMX data in FIGS.         7A-D.

Example 11 Cell Viability Assay

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

Cell Plating: Trypsinize, count and seed cells at the pre-determined densities in 96-well plates a day prior to assay. Following cell densities are used for each cell line in use:

SJSA-1: 7500 cells/well

RKO: 5000 cells/well

RKO-E6: 5000 cells/well

HCT-116: 5000 cells/well

SW-480: 2000 cells/well

MCF-7: 5000 cells/well

On the day of study, replace media with fresh media with 11% FBS (assay media) at room temperature. Add 180 μL of the assay media per well. Control wells with no cells, receive 200 μl media.

Peptide dilution: all dilutions are made at room temperature and added to cells at room temperature.

-   -   Prepare 10 mM stocks of the peptides in DMSO. Serially dilute         the stock using 1:3 dilution scheme to get 10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.33,         0.11, 0.03, 0.01 mM solutions using DMSO as diluents. Dilute the         serially DMSO-diluted peptides 33.3 times using sterile water.         This gives range of 10× working stocks. Also prepare         DMSO/sterile water (3% DMSO) mix for control wells.     -   Thus the working stocks concentration range μM will be 300, 100,         30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3 and 0 μM. Mix well at each dilution step using         multichannel.     -   Row H has controls. H1-H3 will receive 20 ul of assay media.         H4-H9 will receive 20 ul of 3% DMSO-water vehicle. H10-H12 will         have media alone control with no cells.     -   Positive control: HDM2 small molecule inhibitor, Nutlin-3a (10         mM) is used as positive control. Nutlin was diluted using the         same dilution scheme as peptides.

Addition of working stocks to cells:

-   -   Add 20 μl of 10× desired concentration to appropriate well to         achieve the final concentrations in total 200 μl volume in well.         (20 μl of 300 μM peptide+180 μl of cells in media=30 μM final         concentration in 200 μl volume in wells). Mix gently a few times         using pipette. Thus final concentration range used will be 30,         10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.03 & 0 μM (for potent peptides further         dilutions are included).     -   Controls include wells that get no peptides but contain the same         concentration of DMSO as the wells containing the peptides, and         wells containing NO CELLS.     -   Incubate for 72 hours at 37° C. in humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere.     -   The viability of cells is determined using MTT reagent from         Promega. Viability of SJSA-1, RKO, RKO-E6, HCT-116 cells is         determined on day 3, MCF-7 cells on day 5 and SW-480 cells on         day 6. At the end of designated incubation time, allow the         plates to come to room temperature. Remove 80 μl of assay media         from each well. Add 15 μl of thawed MTT reagent to each well.     -   Allow plate to incubate for 2 h at 37° C. in humidified 5% CO₂         atmosphere and add 100 μl solubilization reagent as per         manufacturer's protocol. Incubate with agitation for 1 h at room         temperature and read on Synergy Biotek multiplate reader for         absorbance at 570 nM.     -   Analyze the cell viability against the DMSO controls using         GraphPad PRISM analysis tools.

Reagents:

-   -   Invitrogen cell culture Media         -   i. Falcon 96-well clear cell culture treated plates (Nunc             353072)     -   DMSO (Sigma D 2650)     -   RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen 72400)     -   MTT (Promega G4000)

Instruments:

Multiplate Reader for Absorbance readout (Synergy 2)

Results of Example 11 are provided in SJSA-1 EC50 data in FIGS. 7A-D.

Example 12 P21 ELISA Assay

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

Cell Platimg:

-   -   Trypsinize, count and seed SJSA1 cells at the density of 7500         cells/100 μl/well in 96-well plates a day prior to assay.     -   On the day of study, replace media with fresh RPMI-11% FBS         (assay media). Add 90 μL of the assay media per well. Control         wells with no cells, receive 100 μl media.

Peptide Dilution:

-   -   Prepare 10 mM stocks of the peptides in DMSO. Serially dilute         the stock using 1:3 dilution scheme to get 10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.33,         0.11, 0.03, 0.01 mM solutions using DMSO as diluents. Dilute the         serially DMSO-diluted peptides 33.3 times using sterile water         This gives range of 10× working stocks. Also prepare         DMSO/sterile water (3% DMSO) mix for control wells.     -   Thus the working stocks concentration range μM will be 300, 100,         30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3 and 0 μM. Mix well at each dilution step using         multichannel.     -   Row H has controls. H1-H3 will receive 10 ul of assay media.         H4-H9 will receive 10 ul of 3% DMSO-water vehicle. H10-H12 will         have media alone control with no cells.     -   Positive control: HDM2 small molecule inhibitor, Nutlin-3a (10         mM) is used as positive control.

Nutlin was diluted using the same dilution scheme as peptides.

Addition of Working Stocks to Cells:

-   -   Add 10 μl of 10× desired concentration to appropriate well to         achieve the final concentrations in total 100 μl volume in well.         (10 μl of 300 μM peptide+90 μl of cells in media=30 μM final         concentration in 100 μl volume in wells). Thus final         concentration range used will be 30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3& 0 μM.     -   Controls will include wells that get no peptides but contain the         same concentration of DMSO as the wells containing the peptides,         and wells containing NO CELLS.     -   20 h-post incubation, aspirate the media; wash cells with 1×PBS         (without Ca⁺⁺/Mg⁺⁺) and lyse in 60 μl of 1× Cell lysis buffer         (Cell Signaling technologies 10× buffer diluted to 1× and         supplemented with protease inhibitors and Phosphatase         inhibitors) on ice for 30 min.     -   Centrifuge plates in at 5000 rpm speed in at 4° C. for 8 min;         collect clear supernatants and freeze at −80° C. till further         use.

Protein Estimation:

-   -   Total protein content of the lysates is measured using BCA         protein detection kit and BSA standards from Thermofisher.         Typically about 6-7 μg protein is expected per well.     -   Use 50 μL of the lysate per well to set up p21 ELISA.

Human Total p21 ELISA:

The ELISA assay protocol is followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. 50 μl lysate is used for each well, and each well is set up in triplicate.

Reagents:

-   -   Cell-Based Assay (−)-Nutlin-3 (10 mM): Cayman Chemicals, catalog         #600034     -   OptiMEM, Invitrogen catalog #51985     -   Cell Signaling Lysis Buffer (10×), Cell signaling technology,         Catalog #9803     -   Protease inhibitor Cocktail tablets (mini), Roche Chemicals,         catalog #04693124001     -   Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail tablet, Roche Chemicals, catalog         #04906837001     -   Human total p21 ELISA kit, R&D Systems, DYC1047-5     -   STOP Solution (1M HCL), Cell Signaling Technologies, Catalog         #7002

Instruments: Micro centrifuge-Eppendorf 5415D and Multiplate Reader for Absorbance readout (Synergy 2)

Results of Example 12 are provided in p21 data in FIGS. 7A-D.

Example 13 Caspase 3 Detection Assay

The assay was performed according to the following general protocol:

Cell Platimg:

Trypsinize, count and seed SJSA1 cells at the density of 7500 cells/100 μl/well in 96-well plates a day prior to assay. On the day of study, replace media with fresh RPMI-11% FBS (assay media). Add 180 μL of the assay media per well. Control wells with no cells, receive 200 μl media.

Peptide Dilution:

-   -   Prepare 10 mM stocks of the peptides in DMSO. Serially dilute         the stock using 1:3 dilution scheme to get 10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.33,         0.11, 0.03, 0.01 mM solutions using DMSO as diluents. Dilute the         serially DMSO-diluted peptides 33.3 times using sterile water         This gives range of 10× working stocks. Also prepare         DMSO/sterile water (3% DMSO) mix for control wells.     -   Thus the working stocks concentration range μM will be 300, 100,         30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3 and 0 μM. Mix well at each dilution step using         multichannel. Add 20 ul of 10× working stocks to appropriate         wells.     -   Row H has controls. H1-H3 will receive 20 ul of assay media.         H4-H9 will receive 20 ul of 3% DMSO-water vehicle. H10-H12 will         have media alone control with no cells.     -   Positive control: HDM2 small molecule inhibitor, Nutlin-3a (10         mM) is used as positive control.

Nutlin was diluted using the same dilution scheme as peptides.

Addition of Working Stocks to Cells:

-   -   Add 10 μl of 10× desired concentration to appropriate well to         achieve the final concentrations in total 100 μl volume in well.         (10 μl of 300 μM peptide+90 μl of cells in media=30 μM final         concentration in 100 μl volume in wells). Thus final         concentration range used will be 30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3& 0 μM.     -   Controls will include wells that get no peptides but contain the         same concentration of DMSO as the wells containing the peptides,         and wells containing NO CELLS.     -   48 h-post incubation, aspirate 80 μl media from each well; add         100 μl Caspase3/7Glo assay reagent (Promega Caspase 3/7 glo         assay system, G8092) per well, incubate with gentle shaking for         1 h at room temperature.     -   read on Synergy Biotek multiplate reader for luminescence.     -   Data is analyzed as Caspase 3 activation over DMSO-treated         cells.         -   Results of Example 13 are provided in p21 data in FIGS.             7A-D. 

1. A peptidomimetic macrocycle comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 60% identical to the amino acid sequence of: SEQ ID NO. 254, SEQ ID NO. 289, SEQ ID NO. 290, SEQ ID NO. 374, SEQ ID NO. 375, SEQ ID NO. 507, SEQ ID NO. 533, SEQ ID NO. 587, SEQ ID NO. 605, SEQ ID NO. 624, SEQ ID NO. 642, SEQ ID NO. 699, SEQ ID NO. 702, SEQ ID NO. 703, SEQ ID NO. 704, SEQ ID NO. 714, SEQ ID NO. 734, or SEQ ID NO.
 2. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of: SEQ ID NO. 254, SEQ ID NO. 289, SEQ ID NO. 290, SEQ ID NO. 374, SEQ ID NO. 375, SEQ ID NO. 507, SEQ ID NO. 533, SEQ ID NO. 587, SEQ ID NO. 605, SEQ ID NO. 624, SEQ ID NO. 642, SEQ ID NO. 699, SEQ ID NO. 702, SEQ ID NO. 703, SEQ ID NO. 704, SEQ ID NO. 714, SEQ ID NO. 734, or SEQ ID NO.
 742. 3. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of: SEQ ID NO. 254, SEQ ID NO. 289, SEQ ID NO. 290, SEQ ID NO. 374, SEQ ID NO. 375, SEQ ID NO. 507, SEQ ID NO. 533, SEQ ID NO. 587, SEQ ID NO. 605, SEQ ID NO. 624, SEQ ID NO. 642, SEQ ID NO. 699, SEQ ID NO. 702, SEQ ID NO. 703, SEQ ID NO. 704, SEQ ID NO. 714, SEQ ID NO. 734, or SEQ ID NO.
 742. 4. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of: SEQ ID NO. 254, SEQ ID NO. 289, SEQ ID NO. 290, SEQ ID NO. 374, SEQ ID NO. 375, SEQ ID NO. 507, SEQ ID NO. 533, SEQ ID NO. 587, SEQ ID NO. 605, SEQ ID NO. 624, SEQ ID NO. 642, SEQ ID NO. 699, SEQ ID NO. 702, SEQ ID NO. 703, SEQ ID NO. 704, SEQ ID NO. 714, SEQ ID NO. 734, or SEQ ID NO.
 742. 5. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an amino acid sequence which is: SEQ ID NO. 254, SEQ ID NO. 289, SEQ ID NO. 290, SEQ ID NO. 374, SEQ ID NO. 375, SEQ ID NO. 507, SEQ ID NO. 533, SEQ ID NO. 587, SEQ ID NO. 605, SEQ ID NO. 624, SEQ ID NO. 642, SEQ ID NO. 699, SEQ ID NO. 702, SEQ ID NO. 703, SEQ ID NO. 704, SEQ ID NO. 714, SEQ ID NO. 734, or SEQ ID NO.
 742. 6. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises a helix.
 7. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an α-helix.
 8. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises an α,α-disubstituted amino acid.
 9. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises a crosslinker linking the α-positions of at least two amino acids within the peptidomimetic macrocycle.
 10. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 9, wherein at least one of the two amino acids is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid.
 11. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle has the formula:

wherein: each A, C, D, and E is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, and each D and E independently optionally includes a capping group; each B is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, amino acid analog, or

 ; each R₁ and R₂ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-; each R₃ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅; each L is independently a macrocycle-forming linker of the formula -L₁-L₂-; each L₁ and L₂ is independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloarylene, heterocycloarylene, or [—R₄—K—R₄—]_(n), each optionally substituted with R₅; each R₄ is independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene; each K is independently O, S, SO, SO₂, CO, CO₂, or CONR₃; each R₅ is independently halogen, alkyl, —OR₆, —N(R₆)₂, —SR₆, —SOR₆, —SO₂R₆, —CO₂R₆, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent; each R₆ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent; each R₇ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, each optionally substituted with R₅, or forms part of a cyclic structure with a D residue; each R₈ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, each optionally substituted with R₅, or forms part of a cyclic structure with an E residue; each v and w is independently an integer from 1-1000; u is an integer from 1-10; each x, y and z is independently an integer from 0-10; and each n is independently an integer from 1-5.
 12. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 11, wherein L does not include a thioether or a triazole.
 13. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 1, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle comprises a cross linker linking a backbone amino group of a first amino acid within the peptidomimetic macrocycle to a second amino acid within the peptidomimetic macrocycle.
 14. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 13, wherein the peptidomimetic macrocycle has the formula (IV) or (IVa):

wherein: each A, C, D, and E is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, and each D and E independently optionally include a capping group; each B is independently a natural or non-natural amino acid, amino acid analog, or

 ; each R₁ and R₂ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halo-, or part of a cyclic structure with an E residue; each R₃ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅; each L₁ and L₂ is independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloarylene, heterocycloarylene, or [—R₄—K—R₄—]_(n), each optionally substituted with R₅; each R₄ is independently alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene; each K is independently O, S, SO, SO₂, CO, CO₂, or CONR₃; each R₅ is independently halogen, alkyl, —OR₆, —N(R₆)₂, —SR₆, —SOR₆, —SO₂R₆, —CO₂R₆, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent; each R₆ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a fluorescent moiety, a radioisotope or a therapeutic agent; each R₇ is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloaryl, or heterocycloaryl, optionally substituted with R₅; each v and w is independently an integer from 1-1000; u is an integer from 1-10; each x, y and z is independently an integer from 0-10; and each n is independently an integer from 1-5.
 15. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 14, wherein L₁ and L₂ either alone or in combination do not include a thioether or a triazole.
 16. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 11, wherein L₁ and L₂ are independently alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene.
 17. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 11, wherein L₁ and L₂ are independently C₃-C₁₀ alkylene or C₃-C₁₀ alkenylene.
 18. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 17, wherein L₁ and L₂ are independently C₃-C₆ alkylene or C₃-C₆ alkenylene.
 19. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 11, wherein R₁ and R₂ are H.
 20. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 11, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently alkyl.
 21. The peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim 11, wherein R₁ and R₂ are methyl.
 22. A method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a peptidomimetic macrocycle of claims
 1. 23. A method of modulating the activity of a p53 protein, a HDM2 protein, a HDMX protein, or a combination thereof, in a subject comprising administering to the subject a peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim
 1. 24. A method of antagonizing the interaction between a p53 protein and a HDM2 protein, between a p53 protein and a HDMX protein, or a combination thereof, in a subject comprising administering to the subject a peptidomimetic macrocycle of claim
 1. 